OECD ÜLKELERİNDE YOLSUZLUĞUN EKONOMİK BELİRLEYENLERİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Özel kazanımlar uğruna verilmiş kamusal bir yetkinin ya da gücün kötüye kullanımı şeklinde tanımlanan yolsuzluk, “yolsuzluk iktisadı” adı altında 1990'lı yıllar ile birlikte İktisadın bir alt disiplini şeklinde gündeme gelmiştir. İktisadi bir sorun olan yolsuzluk, dünya genelinde ülkeler tarafından mücadele sahası oluşturulan geniş çaplı küresel bir problem olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenledir ki, iktisatçılar yolsuzluğa karşı politik mücadele reçeteleri sunarak, nedenlerini belirlemeye çalışmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, birçok kategori altında ele alınan yolsuzluğun belirleyenleri, teorik ve ampirik olarak incelenmektedir. Panel veri modeline dayalı olan bu çalışmada yolsuzluğun belirleyenlerine ilişkin ileri sürülen çeşitli hipotezlerin doğrulukları araştırılmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, sadece politik haklar ile ilgili hipotezin doğrulanmadığını göstermektedir.

___

  • Ades, A. ve R. Di Tella (1997), “The New Economics of Corruption: A Survey and Some New Results”, Political Studies, XLV, 496-515.
  • Ades, A. ve R. Di Tella (1999), “Rents, Competition and Corruption”, American Economic Review, 89, 982–993.
  • Ahrend, R. (2002), “Press Freedom, Human Capital and Corruption” DELTA Working Paper No. 2002-11, http://ssrn.com/abstract=620102, (Erişim: 20.12.2012).
  • Akçay, S. (2000), “Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Demokrasi”, Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(1), 1-15.
  • Ali, A.M. ve H.S. Isse (2003), “Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Comparison”, Cato Journal, 22, 449–466.
  • Amundsen, I. (1999), “Political Corruption: An Introduction to the Issu- es”, Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights, Working Pape, No: 7.
  • Arellano, M. (1987), “Computing Robust Standart Errors for Within- Groups Estimators”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statisics, 49(4), 431-434.
  • Ata, A. Yılmaz ve M. A. Arvas (2011), “Determinants of Economic Cor- ruption: A Cross-Country Data Analysis”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(13), 161-169.
  • Baltagi, B. H. ve P. X. Wu (1999), “Unequally Spaced Panel Data Reg- ressions With AR(1) Disturbances”, Econometric Theory, 15, 814-823.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, England: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
  • Barreto, R. A. (2001), “Endogenous Corruption, Inequality and Growth: Econometric Evidence”, Working Paper 01-2, School of Economics Adelaide University, Australia.
  • Bhargava, A., L. Franzini ve W. Narendranathan (1982),“Serial Corre- lation and Fixed Effects Model, Review of Economic Studies, 49, 533-549.
  • Bonaglia, F., J. B. de Macedo ve M. Bussolo (2001), “How globalization improves governance”, Discussion Paper No. 2992. Paris, France: Centre for Economic Policy Research, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  • Braun, M. ve R. Di Tella (2004), “Inflation, Inflation Variability and Corruption”, Economics & Politics, 16(1), 77-100.
  • Breusch, T. S. ve A. R. Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing 47(1), 239-253.
  • Broadman, H.G. ve F. Recanatini (2000), “Seeds of corruption: do mar- ket institutions matter?” Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2368. World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • Brunetti, A. ve B. Weder (2003), “A Free Press is Bad News for Corrup- tion”, Journal of Public Economics, 87, 1801-1824.
  • Chowdhury, S. K. (2004), “The effect of democracy and press freedom on corruption: an empirical test”, Economics Letters, 85, 93–101.
  • Çokgezen, M. (2010), “Corruption in Kyrgyzstan: The Facts, Causes and Consequences”, Central Asian Survey, 23(1), 79-94.
  • Del Monte, A. ve E. Papagni (2007), “The determinants of corruption in Italy: Regional panel data analysis”, European Journal of Political Eco- nomy, 23(2), 379-396.
  • Ekstrand, L. H. (2005), “Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Corruption and What to Do a Study of Psychological and Other Non-Economic Macro- Variables Affecting Corruption”, 5th Regional Anti-Corruption Conference, Beijing, PR China.
  • Evrensel, A. Y. (2008), “Institutional and Economic Determinants of Corruption: A Cross-Section Analysis”, Applied Economics Letters, 17(6), 551-554.
  • Fiorino, N. ve E. Galli (2010), “An Analysis of the Determinants of Corruption: Evidence from the Italian Regions”, POLIS Working Papers, No.171.
  • Fisman, R. ve R. Gatti (2002), “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence Across Countries”, Journal of Public Economics, 83, 325–345.
  • Folorunso, B. A. (2007), “Determinants and Effects of Corruption on Investment, General Price Level and Sustainable Economic Growth in Nigeria”, African Economic and Business Review, 5(2), 10-25.
  • Froot, K. A. (1989), “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Cross-Sectional Dependence and Heteroscedasticity in Financial Data”, Journal of Financial and Quantitavie Analysis, 24, 333-355.
  • Gatti, R. (2004), “Explaining Corruption: Are Open Countries Less Corrupt?”, Journal of International Development, 16, 851–86.
  • Glaeser, E. ve R. E. Saks (2006), “Corruption in America”, Journal of Public Economics, 90, 1053-1072.
  • Goel, R. K. ve J. Budak (2006), “Corruption in Transition Economies: Effects of Government Size, Country Size and Economic Reforms”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2), 240-250.
  • Goel, R. K. ve M. A. Nelson (2010), “Causes of Corruption: History, Geography and Government”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 32, 433–447.
  • Goel, R. K. ve M. A. Nelson (2011), “Measures of Corruption and De- terminants of US Corruption”, Econ Gov, 12, 155–176.
  • Graeff, P. ve G. Mehlkop (2003), “The Impact of Economic Freedom on Corruption: Different Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries”, European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 605–620.
  • Gunardi, S. H. (2008), Corruption and Governance around the World an Empirical Investigation, phd dissertation, Netherlands: PPI Publishers, Enschede,
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econo- metrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Herzfeld, T. ve C. Weiss (2003), Corruption and Legal (in) Effectiveness: An Empirical Investigation”, European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 621–632.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003), Analysis of Panel Data, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press.
  • Husted, B. W. (1999), “Wealth, Culture and Corruption.” Journal of International Business Studies, 30(2), 339-59.
  • Iwasaki, I. ve T. Suzuki (2012), “The Determinants of Corruption in Transition Economies”, Economics Letters, 114, 54–60.
  • Jain, A. (2001), “Corruption: A Review”, Journal of Econ Survey, 15(1), 71–121.
  • Khan, M. M. (1997), “Political and Administrative Corruption: Concepts, Comparative Experiences and Bangladesh Case” 1997, http://www.cdrb. org/journal/2003/1/1.pdf, (Erişim: 13.12.2011).
  • Knack, S. ve O. Azfar (2003), “Country Size, Trade Intensity and Cor- ruption”. Economics of Governance, 4, 1-18.
  • Lambsdorff, J. G. (1999), “Corruption in Empirical Research- A Review”, Transparency International Working Paper.
  • LaPalombara, J. (1994), “Structural and Institutional Aspects of Corrup- tion”, Social Research, LXI, 325-350.
  • La Porta R, F. L. Silanes, A. Shleifer ve R. Vishny (1999), “The Quality of Government”, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 15, 222–279.
  • Larrain B., F. ve J. Tavares (2004), “Does Foreign Direct Investment Decrease Corruption?, Cuadernos De Economia, 41, 217-230.
  • Lederman, D., N. V. Loayza ve R. R. Soares (2005), “Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter”, Economics and Politics, 17(1), 1-35.
  • Leite, C. A. ve J. Weidmann (1999), “Does Mother Nature Corrupt?: Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth”, Working paper WP/99/85, International Monetary Fund, Washington.
  • Mauro, P. (1995), “Corruption and Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Eco- nomics, 110, 681-712.
  • Mauro, P. (1997), “Why Worry about Corruption?” International Mone- tary Found, Economic Issues 6, Washington D.C., 1-13.
  • Melgar, N. ve M. Rossi (2009), “Perception of Corruption in Uruguay: The Effects of the Sector of Employment, Life-Course Adjustments and Education”, Documentos de Trabajo, working paper, Department of Eco- nomics, No. 909.
  • Montinola G. R. ve R. W. Jackman (2002), “Sources of Corruption: A Cross-Country Study”, British Journal of Political Science, 32, Cambridge University Press, 147-170.
  • Morgan, A. L. (1998), “Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Impli- cations”, Asia Foundation Working Paper Series, No: 9.
  • Myint, U. (2000), “Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Cures”, Asia- Pasific Development Journal, 7(2), 33-58.
  • Nye, J. S. (1967), “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost Benefit Analysis”, American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417.27.
  • Olson, M. (1982), The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation and Social Rigidities, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Ortega, D. L., R. J. G. M. Florax ve B. A. Delbecq (2010), “Primary Determinants and the Spatial Distribution of Corruption”, Working Paper 10-6, Department of Agricultural Economics Purdue University.
  • Paldam, M. (2001), “Corruption and Religion. Adding to the Economic Model?” Kyklos, 54, 383– 414.
  • Paldam, M. (2002), “The Cross-Country Pattern of Corruption: Econo- mics, Culture and the Seesaw Dynamics”, European Journal of Political Economy, 18 (2), 215-240.
  • Park, H. (2003), “Determinants of Corruption: A Cross-National Analy- sis”, Multinational Business Review, 11(2), 29-48.
  • Pellegrini, L. ve R. Gerlagh (2008), “Causes of Corruption: A Survey of Cross-Country Analyses and Extended Results”, Econ Gov, 9, 245–263.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross-section Dependence in Panels, Working Paper, Trinity College, Cambridge.
  • Rauch, J. ve P. Evans (2000), ”Bureaucratic Structure and Bureaucratic Performance in Less Developed Countries”, Journal of Public Economics, 75, 49- 71.
  • Rehman, H. U. ve A. Naveed (2007), “Determinants of corruption and its relation to GDP (A panel study)”, Journal of Political Studies, 12, 27-59.
  • Rijckeghem, C. ve B. Weder (1997), “Corruption and the Rate of Tempta- tion: Do Low Wages in the Civil Service Cause Corruption?”, International Monetary Fund Working Paper.
  • Rogers, W. H. (1993), “Regression Standart Errors in Clustered Samples”, Stata Technical Bulletin 13:19-23, içinde Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, 3, 89-94, College Station, Tx:Stata Pres.295.
  • Sandholtz, W. ve W. Koetzle (2000), “Accounting for Corruption: Eco- nomic Structure, Democracy and Trade”, International Studies Quarterly, 44(2000), 31–50.
  • Sandholtz, W. ve M. M. Gray (2003), “International Integration and National Corruption”, International Organization, 57(4), 761-800.
  • Seldadyo, H. ve J. D. Haan (2006), “The Determinants of Corruption a Literature Survey and New Evidence”, Paper Prepared for the 2006 EPCS Conference, Turku, Finland.
  • Serra, D. (2006), “Empirical Determinants of Corruption: A Sensitivity Analysis”, Public Choice, 126, 225–256.
  • Shabbir, G. ve M. Anwar (2007), “Determinants of Corruption in Deve- loping Countries”, Pakistan Development Review, 46(4), 751-764.
  • Shen, C. ve J. B. Williamson (2005), “Corruption, Democracy, Econo- mic Freedom and State Strength”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46(4), 327-345.
  • Shleifer, A. ve R. Vishny (1993), “Corruption”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 599–617.
  • Sosa, L.A. (2004), “Wages and Other Determinants of Corruption”, Review of Development Economics, 8(4), 597–605.
  • Swamy, A., St. Knack, Y. Lee ve O. Azfar (1999), “Gender and Corrup- tion”, Draft paper. IRIS Center, University of Maryland.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998), “Corruption around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, And Cures”, IMF Staff Papers, 45(4): 559-594.
  • Tatoğlu, Ferda, Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2012.
  • Thomas, M. A. ve P. Meagher (2004), “A Corruption Primer: An Over- view of Concepts in the Corruption Literature”, The Iris Discussion Papers on Institutions & Development Paper, No. 04/03.
  • Treisman, D. (2000), “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study”, Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 399–457.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2009), Introductory Econometrics: A Modern App- roach, fourth edition, South Western, Canada: Cengage Learning.
  • World Bank (1997), “World Development Report: The State in a Chan- ging World”, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Xin, X. ve T. K. Rudel (2004), “The Context for Political Corruption: A Cross- National Analysis”, Social Science Quarterly, 85, 294-30.
  • Zimelis, A. (2011), “Non-Determinants of Corruption: A Sceptical View from Eastern Europe, Journal of Comparative Politics, 4(2), 4-26. http://www.worldbank.org, (Erişim:19.12.2011). http://www.siuc.edu/~fsolt/index.html, (Erişim:02.12.2011). http://www.fraserinstitute.org, (Erişim:10.12.2011). http://www.freedomhouse.org, (Erişim:09.12.2011). http://www.transparency.org, (Erişim:13.12.2011).