___

• Abid, L., Ouertani, M.N., & Zouari-Ghorbel, S. (2014). Macroeconomic and Bank Specific Determinants of Household’s Non-Performing Loans in Tunisia: a Dynamic Panel Data. Procedia Economics ve Finance, 13, 58-68. doi: /10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00430-4 google scholar
• Absar, M.M.N., Orazalin, N., & Mahmood M (2012). Human capital reporting in emerging economies: a comparative study on the banking sectors of Bangladesh and Kazakhstan. J Acad Bus Econ, 12 (3), 28-35 google scholar
• Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail, The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. United States: Crown Publishers. google scholar
• Adesina, K.S. (2021). How diversification affects bank performance: The role of human capital. Economic Modelling, 94, 303-319. doi: /10.1016/j.econmod.2020.10.016 google scholar
• Aksoy, T., & Donduran, M. (2020). Türk Bankacılığında Rekabet ve İstikrar. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 57(651), 133-147. google scholar
• Andersen, J. (2021). Resource orchestration of firm-specific human capital and firm performance—the role of collaborative human resource management and entrepreneurial orientation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(10), 2091-2123. doi: /10.1080/09585192.2019.1579250 google scholar
• Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F.O., Seidu, E.Y., & Otaye, L.E. (2016). Developing and leveraging human capital resource to promote service quality: Testing a theory of performance. Journal of management, 42(2), 480-499. google scholar
• Awan MAS, Sarfraz N (2013). The Impact of human capital on Company performance and the mediating efect of employee’s satisfaction. IOSR J Bus Managing, 8(2), 76-82. google scholar
• Ayaydın, H., Pilatin, A., & Barut, A. (2021). Takipteki Kredilerin Bankaya Özgü, Finansal ve Makroekono-mik Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (33), 169-186. doi: 10.18092/ulikidince.1013685 google scholar
• Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99120. google scholar
• Barro, R.J. and Lee, J.W. (2010). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950-2010. working paper, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, April. google scholar
• Baselga-Pascual, L., & Vahamaa, E. (2021). Female leadership and bank performance in Latin Ameri-ca. Emerging Markets Review, 48, 1-20. google scholar
• Beck, R., Jakubik, P., & Piloiu, A. (2015). Key Determinants Of Non-Performing Loans: New Evidence Froma Global Sample. Open Economies Review, 26(3), 525-550. google scholar
• Beck, T., & Laeven, L. (2006). Resolution of failed banks by deposit insurers: Cross-country evidence. World Bank policy research working paper, 3920. google scholar
• Becker, G.S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to educa-tion. University of Chicago press. google scholar
• Berger, A., & DeYoung, R. (1997). Problem Loans and Cost Efficiency İn Commercial Banks. Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(6), 849-870. google scholar
• Bontis, N., Chua Chong Keow, W., & Richardson, S. (2000). Intellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian industries. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(1), 85-100. google scholar
• Boyd, J. H., & Graham, S. L. (1986). Risk, regulation, and bank holding company expansion into nonban-king. Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 10. google scholar
• Bunda, I., & Desquilbet, J. B. (2008). The bank liquidity smile across exchange rate regimes. International Economic Journal, 22(3), 361-386. google scholar
• Calabro, A., Torchia, M., Jimenez, D. G., & Kraus, S. (2021). The role of human capital on family firm in-novativeness: the strategic leadership role of family board members. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(1), 261-287. google scholar
• Çelik, M., & Tekşen, Ö. (2021). Does It Matter How to Fund?: A Research on Turkish Deposit Banks. Istan-bul Business Research, 50(2), 359-383. doi: /10.26650/ibr.2021.50.861522 google scholar
• Chiaramonte, L., Groci, E., & Poli, F. (2015). Should we trust the Z-score? Evidence from the European banking industry. Glob. Financ. J. 28, 111-131. google scholar
• Chowdhury, L.A.M., Rana, T., & Azim, M.I. (2019). Intellectual capital efficiency and organisational per-formance: In the context of the pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 20(6), 784-806. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-10-2018-0171 google scholar
• Clarke, T., & Gholamshahi, S. (2018). Developing human capital for knowledge based economies. Innovati-on in the Asia Pacific, Springer, Singapore, pp. 247-270. google scholar
• D’Amato, A., & Gallo, A. (2019). Bank institutional setting and risk-taking: the missing role of directors’ education and turnover. Corporate Governance, 19(4), 774-805. google scholar
• Diebolt, C. & Hippe, R. (2019). The Long-Run Impact of Human Capital on Innovation and Economic Develop-ment in The Regions of Europe. Applied Economics, 51(5), 542-563. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2018.1495820 google scholar
• Dimitrios, A., Helen, L., & Mike, T. (2016). Determinants of Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from Euro-Area Countries. Finance Research Letters, 18, 116-119. google scholar
• Drucker, P. (1993), Post-capitalist Society, Harper Business, New York. NY. google scholar
• Ellul, A., & Yerramilli, V., (2013). Stronger risk controls, lower risk: evidence from U.S. bank holding com-panies. J. Financ. 68(5), 1757-1803. google scholar
• Espinoza, R., & Prasad, A. (2010). Nonperforming Loans in the GCC Banking System and Their Macroeco-nomic Effects. IMF Working Paper WP/10/224. Washington: International Monetary Fund. google scholar
• Firer, S., & Williams, S.M. (2003). Intellectual capital and traditional measures of corporate performan-ce. Journal of intellectual capital. google scholar
• Fukuyama, H., & Matousek, R. (2011). Efficiency Of Turkish Banking: Two-Stage Network System. Variab-le Returns To Scale Model. J. Int. Financ. Mark. Inst. Money 21(1), 75-91. google scholar
• Garaa-Meca, E., Garüa-Sânchez, I.-M., & Martmez-Ferrero, J. (2015). Board diversity and its effect on bank performance: An international analysis. Journal of Banking and Finance, 53, 202-214. google scholar
• Ghosh, A. (2015). Banking-İndustry Specific and Regional Economic Determinants Of Non-Performing Loans: Evidence From US States. J. Financ. Stab., 20, 93-104. google scholar
• Githaiga, P.N. (2020). Human capital, income diversification and bank performance-an empirical study of East African banks. Asian Journal of Accounting Research. 6(1), 95-108. doi: 10.1108/AJAR-06-2020-0041 google scholar
• Goddard, J., Molyneux, P. & Wilson, J. (2004). Dynamics of growth and profitability in banking. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 36(6), 1069-1090. google scholar
• Gupta, K., & Raman, T.V. (2021). Influence of intellectual capital on performance: An analysis of it and pharmaceutical firms. International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals (IJHCITP), 12(2), 53-71. google scholar
• Hambrick, D.C., & Mason, P.A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top mana-gers. Academy of management review, 9(2), 193-206. google scholar
• Jamal, W., & Saif, M.I. (2011). Impact of human capital management on organizational performance. Euro-pean Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 5(34), 13309-13315. google scholar
• Jetmiko, J. (2018). Analysis on the effect of intellectual capital on growth and financial performance of isla-mic banking. Indonesian Journal Of Business And Economics, 1(1), 92-109. google scholar
• Kahya, C., İmamoğlu, İ., & Durmaz, A. (2015). Liderlik Ve Beşeri Sermaye Faktörlerinin Karşılaştır-Malı Olarak Değerlendirilmesi: Kamu Ve Özel Sektör Bankalarında Örnek Bir Uygulama. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (14), 354-374. google scholar
• Kim, E.H., & Lu, Y. (2011). CEO ownership, external governance, and risk-taking. Journal of Financial Economics, 102(2), 272-292. doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.07.002 google scholar
• Kizil, C., & Arslan, M.L. (2019). Measuring intellectual capital of Turkish banks listed on borsa istanbul banking index (BIST XBANK) with the market value/book value method and value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) model. Emerging Markets Journal (EMAJ), 9(1), 101-116. google scholar
• King, T., Srivastav, A., & Williams, J. (2016). What’s in an education? Implications of CEO education for bank performance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 37, 287-308. google scholar
• Klein, N. (2013). Non-Performing Loans in CESEE: Determinants and İmpact On Macroeconomic Perfor-mance. IMF Working Paper No. 13/72. google scholar
• Köse, E., & Güngör Tanç, Ş. (2018). Beşeri sermayenin Türkiye’deki bankaların performansı üzerine etkisi. http://acikerisim.nevsehir.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.11787/2765 google scholar
• Laeven, L., & Levine, R. (2009). Bank governance, regulation and risk taking. Journal of Financial Econo-mics, 93, 259-275. google scholar
• Laeven, L., & Levine, R., (2006). Corporate governance, regulation and bank risk taking. (unpublished; Washington: World Bank). google scholar
• Liu, H., Molyneux, P., & Wilson, J.O.S. (2013). Competition and stability in European banking: A regional analysis. The Manchester School, 81, 176-201. google scholar
• Louzis, D.P., Vouildis, A.T., & Metaxas, V.L. (2012). Macroeconomic and Bank-Specific Determinants of Non-Performing Loans in Greece: A Comparative Study of Mortgage, Business and Consumer Loan Portfolios. J. Banking Finance, 36 (4), 1012-1027. google scholar
• Macit, F. (2012). What Determines the Non-Performing Loans Ratio: Evidence from Turkish Commercial Banks. Center for Economic Analyses Journal of Economics, 13, 33-39. google scholar
• Makri, V., Tsagkanos, A., & Bellas, A. (2014). Determinants of Non-performing Loans: The Case Of Euro-zone. Panoeconomicus, 61, 193-206. google scholar
• Meles, A., Porzio, C., Sampagnaro, G., & Verdoliva, V. (2016). The impact of the intellectual capital effi-ciency on commercial banks performance: Evidence from the US. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 36, 64-74. google scholar
• Messai, A.S., & Jouini, F. (2013). Micro and Macro Determinants of Non-Performing Loans. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3, 852-860. google scholar
• Myers, M.B, Griffeth, D.A, Daugherty, P.J., & Lusch, R.F. (2004). Maximizing the human capital equation in logistics: Education, experience, and skills. Journal ofBusiness Logistics, 25, 211-232. google scholar
• Neves, E., & Proença, C. (2021). Intellectual capital and fnancial performance: evidence from Portuguese banks. Int J Learn Intellect Cap. 18(1), 93-108. doi: 10.1504/IJLIC.2020.10031817 google scholar
• Nguyen, D.D., Hagendorff, J., & Eshraghi, A. (2015). Which executive characteristics create value in banking? Evidence from appointment announcements. Corporate Governance: An International Revi-ew, 23(2), 112-128. google scholar
• Nguyen, V. (2020). Human capital, capital structure choice and firm profitability in developing countries: An empirical study in Vietnam. Accounting, 6(2), 127-136. doi: 10.5267/j.ac.2019.11.003 google scholar
• Nikolaidou, E., &Vogiazas, S. (2014). Credit Risk Determinants for The Bulgaria Banking System. Interna-tional Advance Economics Research, 20, 87-102. google scholar
• Nyberg, A.J., Moliterno, T.P., Hale Jr, D., & Lepak, D.P. (2014). Resource-based perspectives on unit-level human capital: A review and integration. Journal ofManagement, 40(1), 316-346. google scholar
• Ozili, P.K. (2017). Bank Earnings Management and İncome Smoothing Using Commission and Fee İncome: A European Context. International Journal ofManagerial Finance, 13(4), 419-439. google scholar
• Pala, F., & Pilatin, A. (2019). Beşerî Sermaye and İnovasyon İlişkisi: Teorik Bir Perspektif. Finansal Piyasalar Üzerine Güncel Araştırmalar. Ed. Uğur Uzun-Murat Berberoğlu Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, ss.205-218. google scholar
• Pulic, A. (1998). Measuring the Performance ofIntellectual Potential in Knowledge Economy. 2nd McMas-ter World Congress. 1-20. google scholar
• Pereira, V., & Filipe, J.A. (2018). Quality of board members’ training and bank financial performance: Evi-dence from Portugal. International Journal ofEconomics and Business Administration, 6(13), 47-79. google scholar
• Pilatin, A., & Ayaydın, H. (2022). The Relationship Between Banks’ Credit Quality, Credit Growth and So-cial Capital: Evidence from Turkish Banking Sector. Middle East Development Journal, 14(1), 133-170. doi: 10.1080/17938120.2022.2074673 google scholar
• Podpiera, J., & Weil, L. (2008). Bad Luck or Bad Management? Emerging Banking Market Experience. Journal ofFinancial Stability, 4(2), 135-148. google scholar
• Prahalad, C.K. & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation, Harvard Business Review, May-June, 79-91. google scholar
• Rahman, M., & Akhter, B. (2021). The impact of investment in human capital on bank performance: eviden-ce from Bangladesh. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 1-13. google scholar
• Razafindrambinina, D., & Anggreni, T. (2011). Intellectual capital and corporate financial performance of selected listed companies in Indonesia. Malaysian Journal ofEconomic Studies, 48(1), 61-77. google scholar
• Rehman, A. U., Aslam, E., & Iqbal, A. (2022). Intellectual capital efficiency and bank performance: evidence from islamic banks. Borsa Istanbul Review, 22(1), 113-121. google scholar
• Reinhart, C., & Rogoff, K. (2011). From Financial Crash to Debt Crisis. Am. Econ. Rev. 101 (5), 1676-1706. google scholar
• Rinaldi, L., & Sanchis-Arellano A. (2006). Household Debt Sustainability: What Explains Household Non-Performing Loans? An Empirical Analysis. ECB Working Paper. google scholar
• Samırkaş, M.C., Evci, S., & Ergün, B. (2014). Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Karlılığın Belirleyicileri. KAU IIBF Dergisi, 5(8), 117-134. google scholar
• Schultz, T.W. (1993). The economic importance of human capital in modernization. Education econo-mics, 1(1), 13-19. google scholar
• Seleim, A., & Bontis, N. (2013). National intellectual capital and economic performance: empirical evidence from developing countries. Knowledge andProcessManagement, 20(3), 131-140. google scholar
• Sharma, P., & Gounder, N. (2015). Resilient Through The GFC and Beyond: What Drives Bank Profitability İn Small Open Pacific Economies?. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 16(3), 191-209. google scholar
• Singer M.S., & Bruhns, C. (1991). Relative effect of applicant work experience and academic qualification on selection interview decisions: A study of between-sample generalizability. Journal of Applied Psycho-logy, 76, 550-559. google scholar
• Staikouras, C., & Wood, G. (2003). The determinants of bank profitability in Europe. Paper presented at the European Applied Business Research Conference, Venice, 9-13 June. google scholar
• Staikouras, C., Mamatzakis, E., & Koutsomanoli-Filippaki, A. (2008). Cost efficiency of the banking in-dustry in the South Eastern European region. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 18(5), 483-497. google scholar
• Stewart, T. (1997). Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations, Doubleday/Currency, New York: NY. google scholar
• Sveiby, K.E., (1997). The New Organizational Wealth: Managing and Measuring Knowledge-Based Assets. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, CA. google scholar
• Topaloğlu, E.E., & Bayrakdaroğlu, A. (2012). Entelektüel Sermayenin Türk Bankacılık Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Alan Araştırması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(41), 332-352. google scholar
• Turner, A. (2010). What Do Banks Do? Why do Credit Booms and Busts Occur and What can We do About İt? The Future of Finance: The LSE Report, London School of Economics and Political Science, 5-86. google scholar
• Urquhart, A., & Zhang, H. (2022). PhD CEOs and firm performance. European Financial Management. 1-49 ISSN 1468-036X doi: google scholar
• Wailerdsak, N., & Suehiro, A. (2004). Top executive origins: Comparative study between Japan and Thai-land. Asian Business & Management, 3(1), 85-104. google scholar
• Wang, W.Y., & Chang, C. (2005). Intellectual capital and performance in causal models: Evidence from the information technology industry in Taiwan. Journal of intellectual capital. 6(2), 222-236. google scholar
• Yarovaya, L., Mirza, N., Abaidi, J., & Hasnaoui, A. (2021). Human capital efficiency and equity funds’ per-formance during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Review of Economics & Finance, 71, 584-591. google scholar
• Yağlı, İ. & B. Şimşek, (2017). Meta-Analytic Review of the Relation Between Board Globalization and Firm Performance. Financial Studies, 21(2), 31-55. google scholar
• Yağlı, İ. (2019). Yönetim Kurulu Çeşitliliği-Finansal Performans İlişkisi: Türk Bankacılık Sektörü Örneği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(3), 565-586. google scholar
• Yılmaz, İ. (2019). Board Members and Board Characteristics Effect on Bank Performance in Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74(3), 931-960. doi: 10.33630/ausbf.536415 google scholar
• Vo, D.H., & Tran, N.P. (2021). Intellectual capital and bank performance in Vietnam. Managerial Finance. Vo, D. H. and Tran, N. P. Managerial Finance, 47(8), 1094-1106. google scholar