Fatma Zeynep ÖZKURT

8420

AB Koşulluluğunun Türkiye’nin Demokratikleşmesi Üzerine Olan Etkisi: 1999-2008 Dönemi Sivil-Asker İlişkileri Örneği

Bu makale, sivil-asker ilişkileri konusunda kurumsal dönüşümleri ve politik (re) formasyonları inceleyerek, AB koşullarının Türkiye’deki demokratikleşme sürecinde olan etkisini ele almaktadır. Makale, Avrupalılaşma çerçevesi içindeki dış teşvikler ve sosyal öğrenme modellerine bağlı içsel ve dışsal faktörlerin, Türkiye’nin politik sistemi içinde yer alan politik aktörler, kurumlar, kültürel normlar ve değerlerle ilgili olarak nasıl etki yaptığını, bu etkiyle Türkiye’deki değişimlerin altında yatan sebeplerin neler olduğunu incelemeyi hedeflemiştir. AB koşulluluğunun etkisi, ulusal ölçekte yaşanan politika değişimleriyle ilgili süreci takip etmek üzere, dönemler arası karşılaştırmalarla analiz edilmiştir. Makalede elde edilen bulgular, farklı teorik yaklaşımlardan bağımsız olarak, eksiksiz bir içsel dönüşümün uygun iç koşullar ve güçlü koşulluluk sağlanması halinde gerçekleşebileceğini öne çıkarmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avrupa Birliği, Koşulluluk İlkesi, Demokratikleşme, Dış Teşvikler, Sosyal Öğrenme, Sivil-Asker İlişkileri

The Impact of Eu Conditionality On Democratisation In Turkey: The Case Of Civil-Military Relations In The Period of 1999-2008

This article explores the impact of EU conditionality on democratisation in Turkey by delving into the institutional transformation and policy (re)formation in the area of civil-military relations. The internal and external factors stemming from external incentives and social learning models in the framework of Europeanisation are operationalized to identify reasons behind the domestic change in Turkey concerning the political actors, institutions, cultural norms and values embedded in Turkish political system. They are tested by a cross-periodical analysis to trace the process on policy changes at the national level under the influence of EU conditionality. The results support the assumption that irrespective of different theoretical approaches, a complete domestic change can be achieved if favourable domestic conditions and strong conditionality are maintained.
Keywords:

European Union, Conditionality Principle, Democratisation, External Incentives, Social Learning, Civil-Military Relations,

PDF

___

  • Arıkan, Harun (2003). Turkey and the EU – An awkward candidate for EU membership?. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • BBC News (2007). “Excerpts of Turkish army statement (28/4/2007)”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6602775.stm (Date of Access: 14 January 2010).
  • Börzel, Tanja A. (1999). “Towards Convergence in Europe? Institutional Adaptation to Europeanisation in Germany and Spain”. Journal of Common Market Studies, 37 (4), 573-596.
  • Börzel, Tanja A. (2010). “The Transformative Power of Europe Reloaded – The Limits of External Europeanization”. KFG Working Papers No.11, Free University Berlin.
  • Börzel, Tanja A.; Risse, Thomas (2003). “Conceptualising the Domestic Impact of Europe”, Featherstone, Kevin; Radaelli, Claudio M. (Eds.). The Politics of Europeanisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 57-83.
  • Burnell, Peter (2008). “From Evaluating Democracy Assistance to Appraising Democracy Promotion”. Political Studies, 56, 414-434.
  • Capezza, David (2009). “Turkey’s Military is a Catalyst for Reform”. Middle East Quarterly, 16 (3), 13-23.
  • Carothers, Thomas (1999). Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: Endowment for International Peace.
  • Checkel, Jeffrey T. (1998). “The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory”. World Politics, 50 (2), 324-348.
  • Cottey, Andrew; Forster, Anthony (2004). Reshaping defence diplomacy: new roles for military co-operation and assistance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cowles, Maria Green; Risse, Thomas (Eds.). (2001). Transforming Europe – Europeanisation and Domestic Change. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Cağaptay, Soner (2009). “Is Turkey Leaving the West? – An Islamist Foreign Policy Puts Ankara at Odds With Its Former Allies”, Foreign Affairs, http://www.cagaptay.com/6485/turkey-leaving-the-west (Date of Access: 20 December 2010).
  • Dahl, Robert A. (1998). On Democracy. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Deloy, Corinne (2002). “General Elections in Turkey 3rd November 2002”. Fondation Robert Schuman – The Research and Studies Centre on Europe, http://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/eem/0077-general-elections-in-turkey-3rd-november-2002 (Date of Access: 13.03.2015)
  • Diamond, Larry (1999). Developing Democracy – Towards Consolidation. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Drent, Margriet (2006). “EU conditionality concerning Turkish civil-military relations”, Faltaş Sami; Jansen, Sander (Eds.). Governance and the Military: Perspectives for Change in Turkey, the Centre for European Studies (CESS) and the Istanbul Policy Centre, 69-86.
  • Ergüder, Üstün (1991). “The Motherland Party, 1983-1989”, Heper, Metin; Landau, Jacob M. (Eds.). Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey, London: I.B. Tauris, 152-169.
  • European Commission (1998). Regular Report from the Commission on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession.
  • European Commission (2000). Regular Report from the Commission on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession.
  • European Commission (2002). Regular Report from the Commission on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession.
  • European Commission (2007). Turkey 2007 Progress Report.
  • European Commission (2008). Turkey 2008 Progress Report.
  • European Council (2001). Framework Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Turkey on the general principles for the participation of the Republic of Turkey in Community programmes.
  • European Council (2004). Presidency Conclusions, Brussels European Council, 16-17 December, 2004.
  • Featherstone, Kevin (2003). “Introduction: In The Name of ‘Europe’”, Featherstone, Kevin; Radaelli, Claudio M. (Eds.). The Politics of Europeanisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-26.
  • George, Alexander L.; Bennett, Andrew (2005). Case Studies and Theory Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Gordon, Philip; Taşpınar Ömer (2004). “Turkey’s European Quest: The EU’s Decision on Turkish Accession”. U.S.-Europe Analysis Series No.6, the Centre on the United States and Europe, Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
  • Grabbe, Heather (1999). “A Partnership for Accession? The Implications of EU Conditionality for the Central and East European Applicants”. Robert Schuman Centre Working Paper No. 12, Florence: European University Institute.
  • Grabbe, Heather (2001). “How Does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity”. Journal of European Public Policy. 8 (6), 1013-1031.
  • Grabbe, Heather (2003). “Europeanisation Goes East – Power and Uncertainty in the EU Accession Process”, Featherstone, Kevin; Radaelli, Claudio M. (Eds.). The Politics of Europeanisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 303-327.
  • Greenwood, David (2006). “Turkish Civil-Military Relations and the EU: Preparing for Continuing Convergence – Final Expert Report on an International Task Force”, Faltaş Sami; Jansen, Sander (Eds.). Governance and the military: perspectives for change in Turkey, the Centre for European Studies (CESS) and the Istanbul Policy Centre, 21-68.
  • Güney, Aylin; Karatekelioğlu, Petek (2005). “Turkey’s EU Candidacy and Civil-Military Relations: Challenges and Prospects”. Armed Forces & Society, 31 (3), 439-462.
  • Gürpınar, Doğan (2014). Ottoman Imperial Diplomacy – A political, social and cultural history. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Hakura, Fadi (2006). “Europe and Turkey: sour romance or rugby match?”. openDemocracy, http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracyturkey/turkey_europe_4088.jsp (Date of Access: 12 November 2010).
  • Hänggi, Heiner; Tanner, Fred (2005). “Promoting security sector governance in the EU’s neighbourhood”. Challiot Paper No. 80, EU Institute for Security Studies (ISS), Conde-sur-Noireau, France: Corlet Imprimeur.
  • Hughes, James; Sasse, Gwendolyn; Gordon, Claire (2004a). “Conditionality and Compliance in the EU’s Eastward Enlargement: Regional Policy and the Reform of Sub-national Government”. Journal of Common Market Studies, 42 (3), 523-551.
  • Hughes, James; Sasse, Gwendolyn; Gordon, Claire (2004b). Europeanisation and Regionalisation in the EU's enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe: The Myth of Conditionality. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Jenkins, Gareth (2007). “Continuity and change: prospects for civil-military relations in Turkey”. International Affairs, 83 (2), 339-355.
  • Karabelias, Gerassimos (1999). “The evolution of civil-military relations in post-war Turkey, 1980–95”. Middle Eastern Studies, 35 (4), 130-151.
  • Keyman, Fuat; Öniş, Ziya (2004). “Helsinki, Copenhagen and Beyond – Challenges to the New Europe and the Turkish State”, Uğur, Mehmet; Canefe, Nergis (Eds.). Turkey and the European Integration – Accession Prospects and Issues, London and New York: Routledge, 173-193.
  • King, Gary; Keohane, Robert O.; Verba, Sidney (1994). Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kirişçi, Kemal (2004a). “The Kurdish Question and Turkish Foreign Policy”, Martin, Lenore G.; Keridis, Dimitris (Eds.). The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 277-314.
  • Kirişçi, Kemal (2004b). “The December 2004 European Council Decision on Turkey: Is It an Historic Turning Point?”. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 8 (4), 87-94.
  • Kohn, Richard H. (1997). “How democracies control the military”. Journal of Democracy, 8 (4), 140-153.
  • Kramer, Heinz (2006). “Turkey and the EU: The EU’s Perspective”. Insight Turkey, 8 (4): 24-30.
  • Kubicek, Paul J. (2003). “International Norms, the European Union, and Democratization: Tentative Theory and Evidence”, Kubicek, Paul J. (Ed.). The European Union and Democratization, London: Routledge, 1-29.
  • March, James G.; Olsen, Johan P. (1998). “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders”. International Organization, 52 (4), 943-969.
  • Müftüler-Baç, Meltem (2005). “Turkey’s Political Reforms and the Impact of the European Union”. South European Society and Politics, 10 (1), 17-31.
  • Narlı, Nilüfer (2000). “Civil-military relations in Turkey”. Turkish Studies, 1 (1), 107-127.
  • Narlı, Nilüfer (2009). “EU harmonisation reforms, democratisation and a new modality of civil-military relations in Turkey”, Caforio, Giuseppe (Ed.). Advances in Military Sociology: Essays in Honor of Charles C. Moskos (Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, Volume 12), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 433-472.
  • Patton, Marcie J. (2007). “AKP Reform Fatigue in Turkey: What has happened to the EU Process?”. Mediterranean Politics, 12 (3), 339-358.
  • Pridham, Geoffrey (1999). “The European Union, Democratic Conditionality and Transnational Party Linkages – The case of Eastern Europe”, Grugel, Jean (Ed.). Democracy Without Borders – Transnationalisation and Conditionality in New Democracies, London: Routledge, 59-75.
  • Pridham, Geoffrey (2002). “EU Enlargement and Consolidating Democracy in Post Communist States – Formality and Reality”. Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (3), 953-973.
  • Przeworski, Adam (1995). Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Radaelli, Claudio M. (2003). “The Europeanisation of Public Policy”, Featherstone, Kevin; Radaelli, Claudio M. (Eds.). The Politics of Europeanisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 27-56.
  • Radaelli, Claudio M. (2004). “Europeanisation: Solution or problem?”. European Integration online Papers (EIoP), 8 (16), 1-23.
  • Schmitter, Phillippe C. (1995). “The International Context of Contemporary Democratization”, Pridham, Geoffrey (Ed.). Transitions to Democracy: Comparative Perspectives from Southern Europe, Latin America and Eastern Europe, Dartmouth: Aldershot, 499-534.
  • Schmitter, Philippe C. (2001). “The Influence of the International Context Upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies in Neo-Democracies”, Whitehead, Lawrence (Ed.). The International Dimensions of Democratization – Europe and the Americas, Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, 26-54.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank; Sedelmeier, Ulrich (2005). “Introduction: Conceptualizing the Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe”, Schimmelfennig, Frank; Sedelmeier, Ulrich (Eds.). The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1-29.
  • Schwellnus, Guido (2005). “The Adoption of Nondiscrimination and Minority Protection Rules in Romania, Hungary, and Poland”, Schimmelfennig, Frank; Sedelmeier, Ulrich (Eds.). The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 51-70.
  • Schwellnus, Guido; Schimmelfennig, Frank (2008). “The Adoption, Implementation and Sustainability of Minority Protection Rules in the Context of EU Conditionality – A Comparative Analysis of Ten New Member States in Central and Eastern Europe”. Research Proposal submitted to the SNSF, (29 February).
  • Sørensen, Georg (Ed.). (1993). Political Conditionality, London: Frank Crass.
  • Sørensen, Georg (1995). “Conditionality, Democracy and Development”, Stokke, Olav (Ed.). Aid and Political Conditionality, London: Frank Cass, 392-409.
  • Stokke, Olav (1995). “Aid and Political Conditionality: Core Issues and State of the Art”, Stokke, Olav (Ed.). Aid and Political Conditionality, London: Frank Cass, 1-46.
  • Tanlak, Pınar (2002). “Turkey EU relations in the post Helsinki phase and the EU harmonisation laws adopted by the
  • Turkish Grand National Assembly in August 2002”. SEI Working Paper No.55, Sussex European Institute.
  • Toktaş, Şule; Kurt, Ümit (2008). “The Impact of EU Reform Process on Civil- Military Relations in Turkey”. SETA Policy Brief, 26, 1-7.
  • Vachudova, Milada Anna (2001). “The Leverage of International Institutions on Democratising States: Eastern Europe and the European Union”. Robert Schuman Centre Working Paper, 33, Florence: European University Institute.
  • Vachudova, Milada Anna (2005). Europe Undivided – Democracy, Leverage & Integration After Communism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Whitehead, Lawrence (2001). “Three International Dimensions of Democratization”, Whitehead, Lawrence (Ed.). The International Dimensions of Democratization – Europe and the Americas, Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, 3-25.
International Journal of Social Inquiry-Cover
  • ISSN: 1307-8364
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2008
  • Yayıncı: BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ > SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Anadolu Miken Seramiği Geometrik Motif Repertuvarına Genel Bir Bakış

Nur Deniz ÜNSAL

Bursa / Hisar Bölgesi Mozaikleri ve Geometrik Desen Repertuvarı

Hazal ÇITAKOĞLU

Bir Vergi Güvenlik Önlemi Olarak Kontrol Edilen Kurum Kazancı ve Türkiye-Hollanda Çifte Vergilendirmeyi Önleme Anlaşması Açısından Uygulamasının İncelenmesi

Fevzi Rıfat ORTAÇ, Selin ERTÜRK ATABEY

Sanal Kaytarma ve İş Performansı İlişkisi: Sağlık ve Tekstil Sektörü Çalışanlarının Karşılaştırılması

Mine Afacan Fındıklı

AB Koşulluluğunun Türkiye’nin Demokratikleşmesi Üzerine Olan Etkisi: 1999-2008 Dönemi Sivil-Asker İlişkileri Örneği

Fatma Zeynep ÖZKURT