HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND COGNATE INEQUITIES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY; RACISM, NEOLIBERALISM, AND FREEDOM FROM INDIGNITY
HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND COGNATE INEQUITIES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY; RACISM, NEOLIBERALISM, AND FREEDOM FROM INDIGNITY
The paper re-examines neoliberal societies' essential characteristics and dignity exposition, arguing that racial injustice represents and inaugurates a systemic culmination. By proceeding with the theoretical framework of neoliberalism's impact on inequality, the study presents racism and its relevance in health and cognate inequalities and association to human security- freedom from indignity. Racial inequality in health and cognate inequities can not be transformed unless the power of neoliberalism is simultaneously contested. The COVID-19 has exposed the adverse effects of a system that has dominated and disproportionately impacted racialized US communities. It has refined confirmation of long-standing structural variations pointing out inadequate policies, budget discrepancies, jeopardizing human security conceptualization. Thus, opening ground for a neoliberalism reversal within the alternative hybrid order. The phenomenon's roots and current issues lie in the realization of capitalism, the morphology of the nationstate, and the generative order of colonialism. The unequal access and comprehensive discrimination make a paradoxical paradigm that the affluent US society is less prosperous. With an ideal approach to skepticism and confusion regarding critical race theory, the legal history, doctrinal race development, and the International Convention on Racial Discrimination, a contemporary racial foundation needs to be developed, reaffirmed, improved, and protected to incorporate the democratic content of the US's principlesThe paper re-examines neoliberal societies' essential characteristics and dignity exposition, arguing that racial injustice represents and inaugurates a systemic culmination. By proceeding with the theoretical framework of neoliberalism's impact on inequality, the study presents racism and its relevance in health and cognate inequalities and association to human security- freedom from indignity. Racial inequality in health and cognate inequities can not be transformed unless the power of neoliberalism is simultaneously contested. The COVID-19 has exposed the adverse effects of a system that has dominated and disproportionately impacted racialized US communities. It has refined confirmation of long-standing structural variations pointing out inadequate policies, budget discrepancies, jeopardizing human security conceptualization. Thus, opening ground for a neoliberalism reversal within the alternative hybrid order. The phenomenon's roots and current issues lie in the realization of capitalism, the morphology of the nationstate, and the generative order of colonialism. The unequal access and comprehensive discrimination make a paradoxical paradigm that the affluent US society is less prosperous. With an ideal approach to skepticism and confusion regarding critical race theory, the legal history, doctrinal race development, and the International Convention on Racial Discrimination, a contemporary racial foundation needs to be developed, reaffirmed, improved, and protected to incorporate the democratic content of the US's principles
___
- Alexander, M. (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness, New
York: New York Press.
- Al Attar, M. (2020). AfronomicsLAw, “I Can’t Breathe”: Confronting the Racism of International
Law, https://www.afronomicslaw.org/2020/10/02/i-cant-breathe-confronting-the-racismof-international-law/
- Alston, P. (2018). Special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights. New York: United
Nations Human Rights Council.
- Alvaredo, F., Piketty T., Saez, E., Zucman, G. (2018). World inequality report. Berlin: World
Inequality Lab.
- Bilinovic, A. and Skoric, J. (2015). Obrazovanje kao faktor socijalnog razvoja. In: Regioni i
regionalizacija: Komparativna analiza IV, Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet
- Braveman, P., Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: It's time to consider the
causes of the causes. Public Health Reports, 129,19-31.
- Bradley, A. (2019). Human rights racism, Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol 32: 1-58
https://harvardhrj.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/06/Human-Rights-Racism-1.pdf
- Brenner, N., Theodore, N. (2002). Cities and geographies of actually existing neoliberalism.
Antipode, 34,349-379.
- City Budget Commission. (2020, May 21). Seven Facts About the NYPD Budget.
https://cbcny.org/research/seven-facts-about-nypd-budget
- Costley, D. (2021). abcNews, People of color more exposed than whites to air pollution,
https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/people-color-exposed-whites-air-pollution77397374
- Declaration of Alma-Ata. (1978, May 21). International Conference on Primary Health Care.
https://www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration_en.pdf
- Engdahl, F. (2011). Gods of money: Wall Street and the death of the American century. California:
Progressive Press.
- Franck, T. (1999). Law and Society in the Age of Individualism, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Gaffney, A. (2015). The neoliberal turn in American health care. International Journal of Health
Service, 45: 3-52.
- George, S. (1999). A short history of neoliberalism. Bangkok: Mas Press.
- Glenn, E. (2000). Citizenship and Inequality: Historical and Global Perspectives, Social Problems,
47 (1): 1-20
- Gould, E. and Wilson, V. (2020). Black workers face two of the most lethal preexisting conditions
for coronavirus—racism and economic inequality, Economic Policy Institute
https://www.epi.org/publication/black-workers-covid/
- Gould, E., Perez, D. and Wilson, V. (2020). Latinx workers—particularly women—face
devastating job losses in the COVID-19 recession, Economic Policy Institute,
https://www.epi.org/publication/latinx-workers-covid/
- Hammond, B. (2021, May 21). Empire Center, New York’s shrinking budget for public health
deserves more attention. https://www.empirecenter.org/publications/new-yorks-shrinkingbudget-for-public-health/
- Hansen, D. (2016, June 10). Unless it changes, capitalism will starve humanity by 2050.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/drewhansen/2016/02/09/unless-it-changes-capitalism-willstarve-humanity-by-2050/?sh=1cdb35937ccc
- Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Harvey, D. (2003). The new imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Hinrichs, B. (2020, June 2). Afroamerikanci: Sve siromašniji, bolesniji, neobrazovaniji.
https://www.dw.com/bs/afroamerikanci-sve-siroma%C5%A1niji-bolesnijineobrazovaniji/a-53693801 https://www.jstor.org/stable/211817
- Hohle, R. (2018). Racism in the neoliberal era: A meta history of elite white power. London:
Routledge.
- Horkheimer, M. and Adorno, T. (2002). Dialectic of enlightenment philosophical fragments,
Stamford: Stamford University Press.
- Leach, M., MacGregor, H. Scoones, I. and Wilkinson, A. (2021). Post-pandemic transformations:
How and why COVID-19 requires us to rethink development, World Development, Volume
138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105233
- Krugman, P. (2009). The conscience of a liberal. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
- Mastilica, M. (2020). Nejednakosti u zdravstvenom sistemu. Zagreb: Škola Narodnog Zdravlja
Andrija Stampar.
- MDougall, G. (2021). The international convention on the elimination of all forms of racial
discrimination, United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 1-9
https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cerd/cerd_e.pdf
- Mbembe, N. (2019). Necro-politics. Durham: Duke University Press.
National Center for Health Statistics. (2018, May 21). Centre for desease control and prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus18.pdf#Highlights
- Ndugga, N., Artiga, S. (2021, May 21). Kaiser Family Foundation, racial disparities in health care.
https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-andhealth-care-5-key-question-and-answers/
OECD, (2019). Confronting Poverty, Poverty Facts and Myths,
https://confrontingpoverty.org/poverty-facts-and-myths/americas-poor-are-worse-off-thanelsewhere/
- Ortiz, I. and Cummins, M. (2019). Austerity: The New Normal A Renewed Washington
Consensus 2010-24, Initiative for Policy Dialogue, New York, https://www.ituccsi.org/IMG/pdf/austerity_the_new_normal_ortiz_cummins.pdf
- Pager, D. and Shepherd, H. (2008). Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and
Consumer Markets, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 34:181-
209 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740
- Pirtle, W. (2020). Racial Capitalism: A Fundamental Cause of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Pandemic Inequities in the United States, Health education and behavior, Vol 47, Issue 4,
2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120922942
- Phillips, K. (1991). The politics of rich and poor: Wealth and the electorate in the Reagan
aftermath, New York: Harper Perennial.
- Pryor, C., Gurewich, D. (2004). Getting care but paying the price: How medical debt leaves many
in Massachusetts facing tough choices. Boston: Access Project.
- Rosen, H. (2013). Public finance. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
- Sawchuk, S. (2021). Edweek.org., What Is Critical Race Theory, and Why Is It Under Attack?
https://www.edweek.org/leadership/what-is-critical-race-theory-and-why-is-it-underattack/2021/05
- Stiglitz, J. (2019). People, power, and profits: Progressive capitalism for an age of
discontent hardcover. Bristol: Allen Lane.
- Taylor, E., Guy-Walls, P., Wilkerson, P. et al. (2019). The Historical Perspectives of Stereotypes
on African-American Males. J. Hum. Rights Soc. Work, 4: 213–225
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-019-00096-y
- United Nations. (2021). Human Security Unit: Application of the human security concept and the
United Nations trust fund for human security. New York: United Nations.
- Sacker, A., Firth, D., Fitzpatrick, R., Lynch, K., Bartley, M. (2000). Comparing health inequality
in men and women: A prospective study of mortality. BMJ, 320,1986-96.
- The Century Foundation. (2019, May 21). Report health care, racism, inequality, and health care
for African-Americans. https://tcf.org/content/report/racism-inequality-health-care-africanamericans/?agreed=1
- The Commonwealth Fund. (2019, June 10). Underinsured rate Rose from 2014-2018, with greatest
growth among people in employer health plans. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/pressrelease/2019/underinsured-rate-rose-2014-2018-greatest-growth-among-people-employerhealth
- Verdugo, J. (2004). The failures of neoliberalism: Health sector reform in Guatemala, sickness and
wealth. Cambridge: South End Press.
- Vladeck, P. (2003). Universal health insurance in the United States: Reflections on the past, the
present, and the future, American Journal of Public Health, 93: 16-19.
- Wade, R. (2011). The great slump: What next? International Journal of Labour Research, 3: 21-
49.
- Whalin, L., Block, W. (2017). Rasne razlike i udjeli u kojima su pripadnici rasa sudjelovali u
prohibiciji alkohola i ratu droga. Acta Economica Et Turistica, 3,119-135.
- Wilkinson, R., Pickett, K. (2009). The spirit Level: Why more equal societes almost always do
better. London: Allen Lane.
- Williams, J. (2004). The Washington consensus as policy prescription for development.
https://www.piie.com/publications/papers/williamson0204.pdf
- Woods, E., Schertzer, R., Greenfeld, L, Hughes, C. and Miller-Idriss, C. (2020). COVID-19,
nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange, Nations and Nationalism, 26
(4): 807-825 https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12644
- World Bank. (2020). How the World Bank Group is helping countries with COVID-19.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/02/11/how-the-world-bank-group-ishelping-countries-with-covid-19-coronavirus
- World Bank. (2017). Half the world lacks access to essential health services, 100 million still
pushed into extreme poverty because of health expenses.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/12/13/world-bank-who-halfworld-lacks-access-to-essential-health-services-100-million-still-pushed-into-extremepoverty-because-of-health-expense