Antifungal activity and optimization procedure of microwave-synthesized silver nanoparticles using linden (Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica) flower extract

The present study used linden [Tilia rubra DC. subsp. caucasica (Rupr.)] flower extract as a reducing and coating agent to create silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the combined effect of four different synthesis variables in order to obtain the maximum amount of AgNPs produced. Optimal AgNP production was achieved within the investigated range when the AgNO3 concentration, plant extract amount, microwave power, and time were 10 mM, 2.5 ml, 800 watts, and 90 seconds, respectively. The Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT–IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were utilized to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. In addition, in vitro experiments revealed that the EC50, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of synthesized AgNPs for seven Phytophthora (P. cactorum, P. capsici, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. megasperma, P. nicotianae, and P. palmivora) species varied between 46.38 and 119.36 µg ml-1, 225 and 450 µg ml-1, and 225 and 900 µg ml-1, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that AgNPs synthesized with linden flower extract should be investigated further for use in the treatment of Phytophthora spp.-caused diseases.

Keywords:

Silver nanoparticles, Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica, face-centered central composite design Phytophthora, toxicity,

PDF

___

1. Ahn, E.Y.; Park, Y. Mater. Sci. Engin. 2020, C, 116, 111253.
2. Jain, R.K.; Huang, X.; El-Sayed, I.H.; El-Sayed, M.A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1578-1586.
3. Tran, Q.H.; Le, A.T. Adv. Nat. Sci.: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4. 2018.
4. Wei, L.; Lu, J.; Xu, H.; Patel, A.; Chen, Z.S.; Chen, G. Drug Disc. Tod. 2015. 20, 595.
5. Lansdown, A.B. Advanc. Pharmacol. Sci. 2010. 2010, 16.
6. Goia D.V.; Matijević, E. New Journ. Chem. 1998. 11, 1203-1208.
7. Taleb, A.; Petit, C.; Pileni, M.P. Chem. Mater. 1997. 9, 950-959.
8. Esumi, K.; Tano, T.; Torigoe, K.; Meguro, K. Chem. Mater. 1990. 2, 564-567.
9. Henglein, A. Langmuir. 2001. 17, 2329-2333.
10. Rodríguez-Sánchez, L.; Blanco M.C.; López-Quintela, M.A. J. Physc. Chem. B. 2000. 104, 9683-9688.
11. Zhu, J.; Liu, S.; Palchik, O.; Koltypin, Y.; Gedanken, A. Langmuir. 2000. 16, 6396-6399.
12. Pastoriza-Santos, I.; Liz-Marzán, L.M. Langmuir. 2002. 18, 2888-2895.
13. Kröger, N.; Deutzmann, R.; Sumper, M. Sci. 1999. 286, 1129-1132.
14. Ahmad, A.; Mukherjee, P.; Senapati, S.; Mandal, D.; Khan, M.I.; Kumar, R.; Sastry, M. Coll. Surf. B: Biointer. 2003. 28, 313-318.
15. Shahverdi, A.R.; Minaeian, S.; Shahverdi, H.R.; Jamalifar, H.; Nohi, A.A. Proc. Biochem. 2007. 42, 919-923.
16. Siddiqi, K.S.; Rashid, M.; Rahman, A.; Husen, A.; Rehman, S. Biomat. Res. 2018. 22, 1-9.
17. Nath, D.; Banerjee, P. Enviro. Toxicol. Pharm. 2013. 36, 997-1014.
18. Ovais, M.; Khalil, A.T.; Islam, N.U.; Ahmad, I.; Ayaz, M.; Saravanan, M.; Shinwari, Z.K.; Mukherjee, S. Appl. Micr. Biotech. 2018. 102, 6799-6814.
19. Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. Gomez, E.; Jose, R.; Peralta-Videa, J.R.; Parsons, J.G.; Horacio, T.H.; Jose-Yacaman, M. Langmuir. 2003. 19, 1357-1361.
20. Krishnaraj, C.; Ramachandran, R.; Mohan, K.; Kalaichelvan, P.T. Spectro.Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectro. 2012. 93, 95-99.
21. Karthik, R.; Govindasamy, M.; Shen-Ming, C.S.; Cheng, Y.; Muthukrishnan, P.; Padmavathy, S.; Elangovan, A. Jour. Photochem. Photo. B: Bio. 2017. 170, 164-172.
22. Chahardoli, A.; Karimi, N.; Fattahi, A. Advanc. Pow. Techn. 2017. 29, 202–210.
23. Al-Otibi, F.; Perveen, K.; Al-Saif, N.A.; Alharbi, R.I.; Bokhari, N.A.; Al-Otaibi, R.M.; Al-Mosa, M.A. Saudi Journ. Biol. Sci. 2021. 28, 2229–2235.
24. Le, N.T.T.; Trinh, B.T.; Nguyen, D.H.; Tran, L.D.; Luu, C.H,; Hoang Thi, T.T. Journ. Clus. Sci. 2021. 32, 601-611.
25. Fatimah, I.; Hidayata, H.; Nugrohob, B.H.; Huseinc, S. South Afr. Journ. Chem. Engin. 2020. 34, 97–106.
26. Kumar, B.; Smita, K.; Cumbal, L.; Debut, A. Saudi Journ. Biol. Sci. 2017. 24, 45-50.
27. Bharadwaj, K.K.; Rabha, B.; Pati, S.; Choudhury, B.K.; Sarkar, T.; Gogoi, S.K.; Kakati, N.; Baishya, D.; Abdul, K.Z.; Edinur, H.A. Nanomater. 2021. 11, 1999.
28. Sathishkumar, M.; Sneha, K.; Won, S.W.; Cho, C.W.; Kim, S.; Yun, Y.S. Coll. Surf. B: Bioint. 2009. 73, 332-338.
29. Shetty, P.; Supraja, N.; Garud, M.; Prasad, T.N.V.K.V. Journ. Nanostruc. Chem. 2014. 4, 161-170.
30. Arya, K.; Kumari, R.M.; Gupta, N.; Kumar, A.; Chandra, R.; Nimesh, S. Artific. Cell. Nanomedic. Biotechnol. 2018. 46, 985-993.
31. Bankar, A.; Joshi, B.; Kumar, A.R.; Zinjarde, S. Coll. Surf. A: Physic. Engin. Asp. 2010. 368, 58-63.
32. Behravan, M.; Panahi, A.H.; Naghizadeh, A.; Ziaee, M.; Mahdavi, R.; Mirzapour, A. Inter. Journ. Biol. Macromol. 2019. 124, 148-154.
33. Venkatadri, B.; Shanparvish, E.; Rameshkumar, M.R.; Arasu, M.V.; Al-Dhabi, N.A.; Ponnusamy, V.K.; Agastian, P. Saudi Journ. Biol. Sci. 2020. 27, 2980-2986. 34. Satpathy, S.; Patra, A.; Ahirwar, B.; Delwar, H.M. Artific. Cell. Nanomedic. Biotechnol. 2018. 46, 71-85.
35. Bar, H.; Bhui, D.Kr.; Sahoo, G.P.; Sarkar, P.; Pyne, S.; Misra, A. Coll. Surf. A: Physic. Engin. Asp. 2009. 348, 212-216.
36. Vidhu V.K.; Aromal, S.A.; Philip, D. Spectr. Acta Part A: Molec. Biomol. Spectr. 2011. 83, 392-397.
37. Ya, T.; Ren, Z. J. Syst. Evol. 1996. 34(3), 254-264.
38. Günal, N. Act Turc. 2013. 5(1), 1-22.
39. Tuttu, G.; Ursavaş, S.; Söyler, R. Anatol. J. For. Res. 2017. 3(1), 60-66.
40. Evans, W.C. Trease and evans pharmacognosy, 16th edition.; WB Saunders, Edinburg, 2010.
41. Guerin, J.C.; Reveillere, H.P. Antifungal activity of plant extracts used in therapy. I Study of 41 plant extracts against 9 fungi species; Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises, 1984; pp 553-559.
42. Fitsiou, I.; Tzakou, O.; Hancianu, M.; Poiata, A. J. Ess. Oil Res. 2007. 19, 183-185.
43. Bisset, N.G.; Wichtl, M. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, 2001.
44. Konvičková, Z.; Holišová, V.; Kolenčík, M.; Niide, T.; Kratošová, G.; Umetsu, M.; Seidlerová, J. Coll. Poly. Sci. 2018. 296(4), 677-687.
45. Cochran, W.G.; Cox, G.M. Experimental designs, 2nd ed. New York: USA, 1992.
46. Türkkan, M. J. Agr. Sci. 2013. 19, 178-187.
47. Thompson, D.P. Mycol. 1989. 81, 151-153.
48. Tripathi, P.; Dubey, N.K.; Banerji, R.; Chansouria, J.P.N. W. J. Micr. Biotech. 2004. 20, 317-321.
49. Veerasamy, R.; Xin, T.Z.; Gunasagaran, S.; Xiang, T.F.W.; Yang, E.F.C.; Jeyakumar, N.; Dhanaraj, S.A. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2011. 15, 113-120.
50. Vanaja, M.; Gnanajobitha, G.; Paulkumar, K.; Rajeshkumar, S.; Malarkodi, C.; Annadurai, G. J. Nano. Chem. 2013. 3, 1-8.
51. Khalil, M.M.; Ismail, E.H.; El-Baghdady, K.Z.; Mohamed, D. Arab. J. Chem. 2014. 7(6), 1131-1139.
52. Reddy, L.V.A.; Wee, Y.J.; Yun, J.S.; Ryu, H.W. Bio. Techn. 2008. 99, 2242-2249.
53. Mondal, P.; Purkait, M.K. Separ. Sci.Techn. 2017. 52, 2338-2355.
54. Cai, Y.; Piao, X.; Gao, W.; Zhang, Z.; Nie, E.; Sun, Z. RSC Advan. 2017. 7(54), 34041-34048.
55. Nikaeen, G.; Yousefinejad, S.; Rahmdel, S.; Samari, F.; Mahdavinia, S. Sci. Rep. 2020. 10, 1-16.
56. Mulvaney, P.,. Langmuir. 1996. 12, 788-800.
57. Njagi, E.C.; Huang, H.; Stafford, L.; Genuino, H.; Galindo, H.M.; Collins, J.B.; Hoag, G.E.; Suib, S.L. Langmuir. 2011. 27, 264-271.
58. Alahmad, A.; Al-Zereini, W.A.; Hijazin, T.J.; Al-Madanat, O.Y.; Alghoraibi, I.; Al-Qaralleh, O.; Al-Qaraleh, S.; Feldhoff, A.; Walter, J.G.; Scheper, T. Pharm. 2022. 14(5), 1104.
59. Vijayaraghavan, K.; Nalini, S.P.K.; Prakash. N.U.; Madhankumar, D. Mat. Lett. 2012. 75, 33–35.
60. Magudapathy, P.; Gangopadhyay, P.; Panigrahi, B.K.; Nair, K.G.M.; Dhara, S. Physc. B: Conden. Matt. 2001. 299, 142-146.
61. Al-Zahrani, S.S.; Al-Garni, S.M. J. Bio. Nanobiotech. 2019. 10, 11-25.
62. Ali, M.; Kim, B.; Belfield, K.D.; Norman, D.; Brennan, M.; Ali, G.S. Phytopathol. 2015. 105, 1183-1190.
63. Buzea, C.; Pacheco, I.I.; Robbie, K. Biointerph.. 2007. 2, 17-64.