THE IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL CITY MORPHOLOGY IN TERMS OF ECOSYSTEM AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
THE IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL CITY MORPHOLOGY IN TERMS OF ECOSYSTEM AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Ecosystems have a vital importance for all living since they are providers of life support systems. Degradation of the ecosystems resulted in destruction of biodiversity, excessive consumption of resources, contaminating water resources, rising up sea level, and climate change. In the last decades, degradation of ecosystem has been received growing interest and have become increasingly focused on attention. If urban development is not implemented in harmony with natural environment, urbanization will continue to threaten the functioning of ecosystems. Demands for different urban land use, cause to deteriorate surface water drainage lines, increase the amount of impermeable surfaces, and break the connection of ecological corridors unless sustainable planning principles are not applied in a city. This study is an attempt to address the current issue of sustainable urban development patterns in coastal cities. It is known that both the pattern of urban spatial growth and the features of natural areas are widely considered to be important in terms of sustainable development. This study has been argued that urban development should be in harmony with the topography, ensure to sustain the hydrological cycle, promote pervious areas and establish ecological corridors. Otherwise, the coastal cities will be inevitably faced with natural risks, such as flooding, heavy storms, loss of biodiversity and sea level rise. Therefore, sustainable planning principles had to be implemented in the coastal cities to diminish the effects of the natural risks.
Keywords:
Ecosystem, sustainable planning, hydrological cycle urban pattern, coastal city,
___
- Agardy, T., Alder, J., Dayton, P., Curran, S., Kitchingman, A., Wilson, M., Catenazzi, A., Restrepo, J., Birkeland, C., Blaber, S., Saifullah, S., Branch, G., Boersma, D., Nixon, S., Dugan, P., Davidson, N. and Vörösmarty, C. (2005). 'Coastal systems' in Eades, J. and Ezcurra, E., eds., Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends : Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Washington DC: Island Press, 513-549.
- Alberti, M. (2005) 'The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function', International Regional Science Review, 28(2), 168-192.
- Alberti, M. (2008). Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems, New York: Springer.
- Balk, D., McGranahan, G. and Anderson, B. (2008). 'Risks of Climate Change for Urban Settlements in Low Elevation Coastal Zones' in The New Global Frontier: Urbanization, Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century London • Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 165-182.
- Bennett, A. F. (2003). Linkages in the Landscape; The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation, Australia: IUCN - The World Conservation Union.
- Burke, L., Kura, Y., Kassem, K., Revenga, C., Spalding, M. and McAllıster, D. (2001). Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Coastal Ecosystems, Washington, DC.: World Resources Institute.
- Carter, B. (1988). Coastal environments: an introduction to the physical, ecological and cultural systems of coastlines, London, England: Academic Press.
- Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'Neill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R. G., Sutton, P. and van den Belt, M. (1998) 'The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital', Ecological Economics, 25(1), 3-15.
- Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Meisner, C., Wheeler, D. and Yan, J. (2009) 'The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: a comparative analysis', Climatic Change, 93(3), 379-388.
- Dilley, M., Chen, R. S., Deichmann, U., Lerner-Lam, A. L. and Arnold, M. (2005). Natural Disaster Hotspots : A Global Risk Analysis, Washington: World Bank Publications.
- DoE (2011). Coasts, Canberra: Australian Government, Department of the Environment.
- Forman, R. T. T. (1991) 'Landscape corridors: from theoretical foundations to public policy', Nature conservation, 2, 71-84.
- Forman, R. T. T. (2014). Urban ecology: science of cities, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Hinrichsen, D. and Olsen, S. (1998). Coastal Waters of the World, Washington DC, UNITED STATES: Island Press.
- McGarigal, K. and Marks, B. J. (1995) 'FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure', General Technical Report - US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, (351).
- McGranahan, G., Marcotullio, P., Bai, X., Balk, D., Braga, T., Douglas, I., Elmqvist, T., Rees, W., Satterthwaite, D., Songsore, J. and Zlotnik, H. (2005). 'Urban Systems' in Hassan, R. M., Scholes, R. and Ash, N., eds., Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends : findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Washington DC: Island Press, 795-825.
- Öztekin, D., Mengüç, G., Yiğit, A., Kutluata, Ö., Temelli, T., Simavlı, A. S., Postalcıoğlu, O. and Erdi, F. (2012). 'Kocaeli yeni kent merkezi kentsel dönüşüm projesi yaklaşımı' in Mekansal Değişim ve Dönüşüm, Ankara: 351-365.
- Paul, M. J. and Meyer, J. L. (2008). 'Streams in the Urban Landscape' in Marzluff, J. M., Shulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Simon, U. and ZumBrunnen, C., eds., Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction between Humans and Nature, Boston, MA: Springer US, 207-231.
- Pelling, M. (2003). The vulnerability of cities: natural disasters and social resilience, Sterling, VA;London;: Earthscan Publications.
- Reis, J. P., Silva, E. A. and Pinho, P. (2015) 'Spatial metrics to study urban patterns in growing and shrinking cities', Urban Geography, 37(2), 246-271.
- Sılaydın , M. B. and Kahraman, E. D. (2016) 'Determining the Spatial Vulnerability Levels and Typologies of Coastal Cities to Climate Change: Case of Turkey', International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering, 10(11), 1058-1062.
- Small, C. N., Robert J. (2003) 'A Global Analysis of Human Settlement in Coastal Zones', Journal of Coastal Research, 19(3), 584-599.
- Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J. and Melillo, J. M. (2008). 'Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystems' in Marzluff, J. M., Shulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Simon, U. and ZumBrunnen, C., eds., Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature, Boston, MA: Springer US, 3-13.
- ISSN: 2147-9836
- Başlangıç: 2016
- Yayıncı: Bilsas Bilim Sanat Spor Yapım
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler
Mushab Abdu Asy SYAHID, Kemas Rıdwan KURNIAWAN
INVESTIGATION OF THE ADAPTIVE FACADE CONCEPTS IN TERMS OF SHADING ELEMENTS
URBAN - PUBLIC AREA ARCHITECTURE AS THE OBJECT OF THE POLITICAL IDEOLOGY: ANKARA EXAMPLE
Selın KARAIBRAHIMOĞLU, Ayhan USTA
THE IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL CITY MORPHOLOGY IN TERMS OF ECOSYSTEM AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
UNDERSTANDING LE CORBUSIER’S UTOPIA: URBANISME AND ITS CURRENT EXTENTIONS