Canan KAYA, Yasemin ÇALIŞKAN, Zafer YÖNDEN

APOPTOZİS

Apoptozis veya Apoptoz, programlanmış hücre ölümünün ana tiplerinden biridir. Bu tip vücutta ihtiyaç duyulmayan veya anormalleşmiş hücrelerden kurtulmanın normal yoludur. Akut hücresel zarar sonucu olan hücre ölümü tipi nekrozdan farklı olarak apoptoz belirli bir moleküler işlemler serisinin (sırasının) sonunda hücrenin ölümünü sağlar ve aynı zamanda organizmanın yaşam döngüsü için gerekli ve yararlıdır. Örneğin gelişen bir embriyoda insan parmaklarının farklılaşması için parmaklar arasındaki hücrelerin apoptoz başlatması gerekir ki parmaklar birbirinden ayrılabilsin. Hücre ölümü sırasında meydana gelen pek çok hücresel ve şekilsel değişimler, bazı enzimlerin rol oynadığı birtakım süreçler neticesinde gelişir. Nekroz'dan farklı olarak, apoptozise uğrayan bir hücre küçülerek ölür. Her saniye yaklaşık bir milyon hücremiz apoptozisle vücuttan uzaklaştırılmaktadır. Yapım (mitozis) ile yıkım (apoptozis) arasında kontrollü bir denge vardır. Apoptoz kanser hücrelerinin zararına ve organizmanın yararına çalışır. Apoptozisi saptamak için çok çeşitli yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Apoptoz bozuklukları kanser, enfeksiyon hastalıkları, nörodejeneratif hastalıklar, iskemik hastalıklar gibi pek çok hastalığa neden olmaktadır. Apoptoz azlığı ya da fazlalığının neden olabileceği hastalıklarda biyokimyasal yollarda yer alan her hangi bir etken tedavide hedef alınabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Apoptozis, Bcl 2, Bax, programlı hücre ölümü, ladder pattern

APOPTOZİS

Apoptosis is main kind of programmed cell death. It is a way of getting rid of unnecessary and abnormal cells. Apoptozis is necessary and useful for life cyle and different from necrosis, which is cell death because of acute cell damage, by the way of killing cells in a series molecular pathways. For example during embriological differentiation of human fingers, apoptosis must be started to separate the fingers from each other. The differention of cell shape and metabolism at the time of apoptosis occurs as a result of several enzymatical procedures. Being smaller while dying by the apoptosis is not seen during necrosis. In every seconds one million cells are eliminated by apoptosis. Controlled balance is provided between mitosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis provides usefulness for organisms and also damages cancer cells. There are variety of methods which are detected to apoptosis. Apoptosis disorders can result in cancer, infections, neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic diseases and other possible related diseases. The parameter in the biochemical pathways of apoptosis can be targeted in the treatment of diseases which caused by apoptosis fewness or excess.

Keywords:

Apoptosis, Bcl 2, Bax, programmed cell death, ladder pattern,

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