Çoklu İstihdam, Çiftçiliğin Kimliği ve Bunların Çiftçi Hanehalklarının Sınıf Mevkii ile İlişkisi

Bu metodolojik deneme, eşzamanlı olarak tarım içi ve tarım dışı istihdamda yer almanın çiftçi bireyler ve çiftçilikle uğraşan hane halklarının tarımsal üretim faaliyetlerinin toplumsal kimliği ve toplumsal sınıf konumlarının tefrik edilmesi bakımından doğurduğu metodolojik ve kuramsal sorunların neler oldukları ve bunların nasıl bir yaklaşımla aşılabileceği hakkındadır. Çalışmada önce bu sorunların soyut düzeydeki farklı toplumsal sınıf anlayışları, üretim ve istihdam faaliyetlerinin toplumsal sınıf kimliği ve bireylerin mesleki kimlikleri hakkındaki kavramlaştırmalar yanında ampirik araştırmalarda hane halkının sınırlarının nasıl çizildiğine dair tercihlerden niçin ve nasıl ortaya çıktığı incelenip, değerlendirilmektedir. Bunun ardından gelir getirici faaliyetlerin dahili bütünlüğünden nasıl bir aşkın kimliğin ortaya çıkmakta olduğunu incelemek suretiyle karşılaşılmakta olan sorunların nasıl aşılabileceğine dair öneriler sunulmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel iddiası şudur: Bireyler ve/veya hane halkları tarafından yürütülen üretim faaliyetleri ve içinde yer aldıkları istihdam biçimleri kimliklerini tek tek kendi ayrı kimliklerinden değil, “bizlik” ilkesi ile hareket bireylerin ve hane halklarının kendi emek ve kaynaklarını kullanmak suretiyle erişmek veya elde etmek istedikleri maddi, toplumsal ve kültürel amaçların geniş çerçevesi içinde şekillenen aşkın toplumsal kimlikten kazanmaktadırlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Çoklu istihdam, çiftçilik biçiminin toplumsal kimliği, ideal-tip kavramlar, toplumsal sınıf, toplumsal sınıf kavramlaştırmaları, çiftçilerin toplumsal sınıf konumu, hane halklarının toplumsal sınıf konumu.

Pluriactivity, Identity of Farming and Their Relation to the Question of Class Location of Farming Households

This paper is a methodological one, addressing the issue of how to deal with questions of identity, of farming, and its relation to the class locations of households engaged in farming and off-farm employment concurrently, which is usually called “pluriactivity”. The paper first examines and assesses why and how this problem arises out of different abstract conceptions of class, the social-class-identities of productive activities, the occupational identities of individuals and how the household boundaries are drawn in empirical research. Next, the paper makes suggestions for how to overcome these problems by paying attention to the problem of emergence, that is, how to describe and decide the very unity and identity that several income generating activities and forms of employment bring about concerning the class location of individuals and households. The leading argument of this essay is that the same or similar types of activities or types of employment derive their identity not from within themselves as separate entities but from the larger scheme of material, social or cultural objectives which the individuals and households, acting on the principle of “we-intentionality”, try to achieve by using their labour and resources as instruments.

Keywords:

Pluriactivity, social identity of farming, ideal-typical conceptions, social class, conceptions of social class, class locations of farmers, class location of households.,

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