Batılı kaynakların penceresinden 19. yüzyılda Kuzey Kafkasyalıların Ruslara karşı verdiği bağımsızlık ve özgürlük mücadelesi

Kafkas dağları asırlar boyu birçok medeniyetin ilgi odağı haline gelmiş, tarihin farklı dönemlerinde farklı ülkeler, bu bölgeyi kendi topraklarına katmak için ordular göndermiş ancak bağımsız beylikler, hanlıklar şeklinde yönetilen küçük dağlı kabileler yabancı orduları çok sevdikleri dağlarına sokmamışlardır. Kuzey Kafkasya’nın, tarih boyu mücadele ettiği işgalci güçlerin sonuncusu Rusya olmuştur. Kuzey Kafkasya dağlı kabilelerinin işgalci Rus ordusuna karşı verdiği bağımsızlık ve özgürlük mücadelesi ve özellikle bu mücadelenin İmam Şamil dönemi, Batı dünyasında ilgiyle izlenmiştir. Kafkasya’yı ziyaret eden Avrupalı seyyahlar bu konuda The Caucasus (Golovin, 1854); The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (Baddeley, 1908) gibi çok sayıda eser vermiştir. Aynı konuda In Quest for God and Freedom: Sufi Responses to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus (Zelkina, 2000) ve Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan (Gammer, 2013) gibi bilimsel araştırmaya dayalı eserler de yayınlanmıştır. Daily News, Alnwick Mercury, Bolton Chronicle, Stirling Observer ve Independance Beigeg gibi zamanın önemli İngiliz gazeteleri aynı konuyu sürekli gündemde tutmuştur. 1854 -1856 yılları arasında ABD ve Avrupa’da Şamil’in hayatını ve savaşlarını anlatan toplam 38 kitap yayınlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kuzey Kafkasya, İmam Şamil, Rusya, bağımsızlık, Özgürlük

The Struggle For Independence and Freedom of The North Caucasus Against The Russians In The 19th Century From The Window of Western Sources

Among the independence movements that took place in various regions of the world in the 19th century, the most remarkable one was the resistance of the tribes of the North Caucasus mountains against the Russian army that occupied their lands. This resistance, has turned into the war of independence and freedom of the North Caucasus under the leadership of Imam Shamil. The Europeans learned this resistance movement from memories of the travelers who came to visit Caucasus. In the scientific research conducted in the following years on this subject, although occasional Russian, Ottoman and British official documents were included, based on the memories of European travelers. On the other hand, the news and commentary in the newspapers in the same period were not included or a few examples are mentioned, which revealed a significant gap in the literature. The aim of this study is to fill this gap. For this purpose, 11 newspapers published in England in the period from 1853 to the year 1859, when Shamil was surrendered, were scanned and while the events of the period were being analyzed, news and comments in these newspapers were evaluated together with other Western sources.

Keywords:

North Caucasus, Imam Shamil, Russia, Independence, Freedom,

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Gazeteler Betrayal of Schamyl. (01 Ekim 1859). Bolton Chronicle, 2 Schamyl, Circassian leader. (07 Kasım 1853). The Daily News, 3 Schamyl and his mountainers. (16 Eylül 1854). The Freeman’s Journal, 2 Schamyl.(18 Ekim 1855). North & South Shields Gazette and Northumberland and Durham Advertiser, 2 Schamyl, the prophet warrior.( 31 Ocak 1856). Morning Post, 6 Schamyl, the prophet hero of the Caucasus.( 03 Haziran 1854). Berkshire Chronicle, 7 Schamyl, the Circassian patriot. (13 Nisan 1871). Falkirk Herald, 4 Schamyl and the Circassians.(13 Nisan 1854). Northern Warder and General Advertiser for the Counties of Fife, 6-7 Schamyl and the Circassians.(01 Temmuz 1854). Alnwick Mercury, 3 Poetry. The words of Schamyl.(05 Temmuz 1854). The Aberdeen Press and Journal, 6 The captive Schamyl.( 29 Eylül 1859). Stirling Observer, 4