Kültürlerin İnsan Hakları İhlallerine Etkileri ve Çözüm Önerisi

Kültürel uygulamalar toplumlarda önemli bir rol oynarken yaşamın birçok yönüne nüfuz etmektedir. Buna bağlı olarak insan haklarının farklı kültürel bağlamlarda nasıl uygulandığı uzun zamandır tartışılmaktadır. Özgürlükler ve haklar adına verilen mücadelelerin insan hakları kavramına uluslararası ilgiyi arttırdığı kesindir. Kültürel uygulamalar ve devlet politikalarının insan haklarına verdikleri değişken değerler nedeniyle hâlâ bazı temel insan haklarını ihlal ettikleri düşünülmektedir. Bu yüzden, kültürel değerler ve insan hakları arasındaki çatışmaya akademik çevrelerde, uluslararası sosyal hizmet veren organizasyonlarda ve hatta küresel siyasi ilişkiler boyutunda çözüm üretme çabaları sürmektedir. Ancak Healy’nin (2008) belirttiği gibi, bazıları insan hakları standartlarının evrensel (herkes için aynı) olması gerektiğini savunurken diğerleri kimsenin başka bir kültüre bu hakları nasıl ele alması gerektiğini dikte edemez, uygulama şeklini onlar adına belirleyemez ve her kültürün kendi insan hakları standartlarını oluşturma hakkı vardır. Nitel bir çalışma olan bu makalenin amacı çeşitli kültürel bağlamlardaki insan hakları ihlallerini incelemek ve eğitim alanında bir çözüm önerisi sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

İnsan Hakları, Kültür, İnsan Hakları Eğitimi, İnsan Hakları İhlalleri, Psikoloji

PDF

___

Aile ve Çalışma Bakanlığı, (2009). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile İçi Şiddet. Ankara. Retrieved May 03, 2020, from https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/uploads/ksgm/uploads/pages/dagitimda-olan-yayinlar/turkiye-de-kadina-yonelik-aile-ici-siddet-arastirmasi-ana-rapor.pdf
Amnesty International, (2019). Palestine. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/palestine-state-of/report-palestine-state-of/
AYA, (2006). Aile Yapısı Araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Matbaası. Ankara. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from https://pedagojidernegi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Aile-Yap%C4%B1s%C4%B1-Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1-2006.pdf
Berns, W, (1987). The New Pursuit of Happiness. Retrieved May 05, 2020, from https://www.nationalaffairs.com/storage/app/uploads/public/58e/1a4/d89/58e1a4d897dc9339106914.pdf
ÇEİYŞA, (2012). Çocukların Ev İçinde Yaşadıkları Şiddet Araştırması. Genç Hayat Yayınları. İstanbul. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from http://www.cocukhaklariizleme.org/wp-content/uploads/evicisiddet-arastirma.pdf
ÇHDS, (2017). Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme. Ankara. Retrieved May 10,2020 from https://www.unicef.org/turkey/media/7941/file/%C3%87HDS%20ve%20%C4%B0htiyari%20Protokoller,%20Usul%20Kurallar%C4%B1%20ile%20%C3%87ocuk%20Haklar%C4%B1%20Komitesi%20Genel%20Yorumlar%C4%B1.pdf
Chernilo, D. (2013). Natural Law and the Question of Universalism. In The Natural Law Foundations of Modern Social Theory: A Quest for Universalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 73-96, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511842511.
Coşkun, T. & Küçükder, A. (2019). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Kadın Cinayetleri 2016-2017-2018 Verileri ve Analizler. Polis Akademisi Yayınları. Retrieved May 07, 2020, from http://www.pa.edu.tr/Upload/editor/files/Kadin_Cinayetleri_Rapor.pdf
Davies, O. (2008). Rights and Revelation: A Study of Particularism and Universality in the Advocacy of Human Rights. New Blackfriars. 89(1022), 441–467.
Davitt, T. E. (1954). St. Thomas Aquinas and the Natural Law. Origins of the Natural Law Tradition. ed. Arthur L. Hading, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.
Douzinas, C. (2000). The End of Human Rights, Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of Century. Oxford, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0841820900000527.
ECPAT (2018) Terminology Guidelines For The Protection Of Children From Sexual Exploitatıon and Sexual Abuse. Retrieved May 02, 2020, from https://ecpat.be/en/what-is-child-sexual-exploitation/
FCO, (2010). The Right to Choose: Multi-agency Statutory Guidance for Dealing with Forced Marriage. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/70194/forced_marriage-right-to-choose.pdf
Gong-Gershowitz, J. (2009). Forced Marriage: A “New” Crime Against Humanity? Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 8(1), 53–76.
Hamburger, P. A., (1993). Natural Rights, Natural Law, and American Constitutions. Yale University Press. pp. 907-960.
Healy, L. M. (2007). Universalism and Cultural Ethics in Social Work Ethics. International Social Work, 50(11), 11–26, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872807071479.
Healy, L. M. (2008). Exploring the History of Social work as a Human Rights Profession. International Social Work, 51(6), 735–748, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808095247.
Hobbins, A. J. (2002). Mary Ann Glendon. A World Made Neweleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Journal of The History of International Law, 4(2), 379–383.
Human Rights Watch (2011). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) –1948. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from http://www.humanrights.ch/en/Standards/UDHR/index.html
ILO, (2010a). Global Child Labour Developments: Measuring Trends from 2004 to 2008. International Labor Organization. Retrieved May 10, 2020, from http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do?productId=13313
ILO, (2017b). Modern Slavery. Internatıonal Labour Organization. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_574717/lang--en/index.htm
Kılınç, A. (2005). İnsan Haklarının Anayasal Konumu. Atatürk Üniversitesi Erzincan Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. AÜEHFD. 9(1-2), .279-290.
Klatt, T. Cavner, D. & Egan, V. (2013). Child Abuse & Neglect. Rationalizing Predictors of Child Sexual Exploitation and Sex-trading. 38(2), 252-260.
Krause, S. R. (2004). Political Theory: Hume and the (False) Luster of Justice. Political Theory. 32(5), 628-655. Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Papers. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology, Harvard University.
Lenzerini, F. (2014). The Culturalization of Human Rights Law. OUP, Oxford. p.232, https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mow017.
M’Jid, N. M. (2014). UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Addendum: Follow-up visit to Honduras, 18 December 2014, A/HRC/28/56/Add.1. Retrieved May 15, 2020, from https://www.refworld.org/docid/551412944.html
Matsumoto, D. (1996). Culture and Psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Mattison, M. (2000). Ethical Decision Making: The Person in the Process. Social Work. 45(3):201 12.
MEB, (2018-2019). Millî Eğitim İstatistikleri, Örgün Eğitim. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Ankara. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2019_09/30102730_meb_istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2018_2019.pdf
Palmer, A. (2009). An Evolutionary Analysis of Gender-based War Crimes and the Continued Tolerance of “Forced Marriage”. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 7(1),133–159.
Pollis, A. & Schwab, P. (1979). Human Rights: A Western Construct with Limited Applicability. In: A. Pollis, P. Schwab (Eds.), Human rights: Cultural and ideological perspectives. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers. pp. 1-18.
Renteln, A. (1988). The Concept of Human Rights. Anthropos, 83(4/6), 343-364. Retrieved May 09,2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40463371
Resmi Gazete, (1985). Kadınlara Karşı Ayrımcılığın Önlenmesi Sözleşmesi. Retrieved May 07, 2020, from https://humanrightscenter.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2015/08/03/KadinlaraKarsiAyrimciliginOnlenmesiSozlesmesi.pdf
Safouan, M. (2003). Speech or Death: Language as Social Order: A Psychoanalytic Study. Basingstoke, United Kingdom.
Taylor, C. (1999). Two Theories of Modernity in Alternative Modernities. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p.179.
TGCSÜSA, (2007). Türkiye Gençlerde Cinsel Sağlık ve Üreme Sağlığı Araştırması. Ankara. Retrieved May 15, 2020, from http://www.nd.org.tr/images/other/245.pdf
TNSA, (2009). Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırmaları-2008. Ankara. Retrieved May 03, 2020, from http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TNSA2008-AnaRapor.pdf
TÜİK, (2012). Çocuk İşgücü Araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Ankara. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from http://www.uis.gov.tr/media/1071/tuik_cocuk_isgucu_haber_bulteni_2012.pdf
Türk, H.S. (1998). Human Rights in Turkey. Perceptions Journal of International Affairs. The Istanbul Bar Association and Amnesty International. Istanbul. 3(4), 1-11.
UN News Center (2012, February 6). Nearly 2,000 African communities end female genital mutilation –UN. UN News Services. Retrieved May 02, 2020, from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41149&Cr=women&Cr1=health
UN, (2004a). United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education-1995-2004. Retrieved May 15,2020, from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Education/Training/Pages/Decade.aspx
UN, (2014b). Report of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. New York. Retrieved May 19,2020, from file:///C:/Users/Naz%20Chief/Downloads/G1403620.pdf
UN, (2019c). What are Human Rights? Retrieved May 05, 2020, from https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/human-rights/
UN, (2020d). Charter of the United Nations. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-ii/index.html
UN, (2020e). Child Labour. Facts & Figures. Retrieved May 10, 2020, from https://www.un.org/en/events/childlabourday/background.shtml
UNESCO, (1968a). Some Suggestions on Teaching About Human Rights. Switzerland. Retrieved May 03, 2020, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000056409
UNESCO, (2018b). Human Rights, Back to the Future. The UNESCO Courier. Retrieved May 27,2020, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366386
UNFPA, (2004). Core International Human Rights Instruments. United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.unfpa.org/resources/core-international-human-rights-instruments
UNICEF, (1989a). Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme. Birleşmiş milletler genel kurulu. Retrieved May 07, 2020, from https://www.unicef.org/turkey/%C3%A7ocuk-haklar%C4%B1na-dair-s%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fme
UNICEF, (2005b). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Exploration. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/FGM-C_final_10_October.pdf
UNICEF, (2020c). A terrible Violation of Children's Rights. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://unicef.se/fakta/sexuell-exploatering-av-barn
UNODC, (2013). Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific. p.17.
Weir, E. (2000). Female Genital Mutilation. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 162(9),1344.
WHO, (2015a). Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. World Health Organization. Retrieved May 07, 2020, from file:///C:/Users/Naz%20Chief/Downloads/9789241564793_eng.pdf
WHO, (2020b). Female Genital Mutilation. World Health Organization Retrieved May 02, 2020, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation
Wolfson, B. A, Lindgren, J. R, Taub, N. & Palumbo, C. M. (2010). The Law of Sex Discrimination. Wadsworth. p.439.
Vandenberg, D. (1984). The Teaching of Human Rights, Proceedings of the Conference held by the Human Rights Commission and UNESCO. Paper No: 6, Australian Government Publishing Service. Canberra.
Yavuz, A. (2002). Türk Anayasa Hukuku. Mimoza Basım Yayım.Konya.

ISSN: 2667-4343
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
Başlangıç: 2018
Yayıncı: Bilgiçağı Eğitim Danışmanlık ve Yayıncılık Sanayi Ticaret Limited Şirketi