“İhtiyaç” Kavramı Ekseninde Sosyal Koruma: Temel İhtiyaçlar Yaklaşımı
İhtiyaç, somutlaştırılması ve tanımlanması güç bir kavramdır. Bu bağlamda, ihtiyaçların
hangi ölçütlere göre belirleneceği, temel ve ileri ihtiyaçların neler olduğu, ihtiyaç içinde olanlarla
olmayanların neye göre ve nasıl kesin olarak ayrılacağı gibi sorular sosyal refah ve koruma
politikaları tasarlanırken sürekli sorulan ve tartışılan sorulardır. İhtiyaç temelli yaklaşım bu
sorulara cevap olarak geliştirilmiş bir sosyal koruma yaklaşımıdır. Ancak genel anlamda ihtiyaç
kavramının özünde bulunan sübjektif nitelikler ve içerdiği belirsizlikler nedeniyle, uygulaması
kolay bir yöntem değildir. Bu nedenle, uygulamada herkesi kapsayabilmek adına “temel
ihtiyaçlar” şeklinde bir daraltmaya gidilmiştir. Temel ihtiyaçlar yaklaşımının amacı, bireyin
tam gelişimi için gereken fırsatları sağlamak ve bu amaçla belli gruplar için belli kaynakları
tahsis etmektir. Temel ihtiyaçlar yaklaşımının özü, gerçek yaşam düzeyiyle ihtiyaçlar arasındaki
boşluğun diğer alternatif yaklaşımlara göre çok daha kısa sürede ve mümkün olan en
az miktarda kaynak kullanılarak doldurulmasıdır. Ancak bu yaklaşım, teoriden kaynaklanan
ciddi eksiklikleri nedeniyle hak temelli yaklaşımın sağladığı sosyal koruma güvence düzeyini
sağlamaktan uzak görünmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
İhtiyaç, Temel ihtiyaç, Sosyal koruma, Sosyal politika
Social Protection on the Base of “Needs”: Basic Needs Approach
Needs are not easy to define. In this sense, the questions of which criteria are applied
to determine needs, what the basic and further needs are, how the ones who are in need are
distinguished from the others etc. are constantly asked while designing policies of social welfare
and protection. Needs based approach is a social protection mechanism which was introduced
as a response for these questions. Yet, it is not an easy measure to take due to the subjective
features and uncertainties in the very nature of the concept of need itself. Therefore, a conceptual
restriction, in the form of “basic needs”, was applied in practice. The purpose of basic needs
approach is the provision of the required opportunities in order to reach a full-development of
individuals and allocate certain resources for certain groups in conformity with this purpose.
The core of basic needs approach is to fill in the gap between actual living standards and needs
in such a shorter time and the least resources as much as possible in comparison with other
alternative approaches. This approach, however, seems far beyond the rights-based approach in
the performance of the provision of social protection due to the major shortcomings stemming
from the theory itself.
Keywords:
Needs Basic needs, Social protection, Social policy, Welfare,
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- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 2014
- Yayıncı: Okur Yazar Derneği
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“İhtiyaç” Kavramı Ekseninde Sosyal Koruma: Temel İhtiyaçlar Yaklaşımı