Azınlık hakları : Ayrılıkçı mı,çoğulcu mu ?

Etnik milliyetçi talepler ve eylemler Soğuk Savaş sonrasında ulus-devlet ve uluslararası komuoyu gündemlerini tekrar ve yoğun şekilde meşgul eder hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, ulus-devletlerin toprak bütünlüğü ve egemenliğine ciddi tehdit oluşturan söz konusu gelişmenin kavramsal, kuramsal ve hukuki zeminde meşruiyetini tartışmaktadır. Çalışmanın üzerinde durduğu sav, günümüz azınlık hakları standartlarının ne kuramsal, kavramsal ne de hukuki boyutta etnik milliyetçi eylemlerin ayrılıkçı, ulus-devlet egemenliği ve toprak bütünlğünü ihlal edebilecek söylem ve eylemlerine pirim tanımadığıdır. Bu bağlamda ortaya konulan iddia, ethno-kültürel farklılıklarının çoğulcu-demokratik yapılar içinde korunması ve ifade edilebilmesi şartlarının sağlanmasının çağdaş azınlık hakları çerçevesinin çizdiği nihayi sınırlar olduğudur.

Minority rights : Secessionist or pluralist

The post-Cold War era has witnessed an intensive revival of micronationalist conflicts and movements that have become one of the hottest issues within national and international political agenda. This paper argues that unlike the common sense approaches, conceptual, theoretical or legal standards, incorporated in the contemporary minority rights regulations, have introduced no legitimate ground to the secessionist claims and activities of micronationalist movements which have been accepted incompatible with internationally recognized principles of territorial integrity and national sovereignty. The contemporary standards have instead limited the framework as regards the protection and expression of ethno-cultural differences with a pluralist re-formulation of political and legal spheres without challenging territorial integrity and national sovereignty of the existing nation-states.

PDF

___

Avrupa Şartı (1996), "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992)", Benoit-Rohmer, F., The Minority Question in Europe: Texts and Commentary, Council of Europe Publising, Strasbourg, s. 152-169.
Beran, Harry (1984), "A Liberal Theory of Secession", Political Studies, Vol. 32, s. 21-31.
Beran, Harry (1998), "A Democratic Theory of Political Self-Determination for a New World Order", Lehning, P. B. (Ed.), Theories of Secession, Routledge, London, New York, s. 32-59.
Birch, Anthony H. (1984), "Another Liberal Theory of Secession", Political Studies, Vol. 32, s. 596-602.
Birch, Anthony H. (1989), Nationalism and National Integration, Unwin Hyman, London.
Bishai, Linda (1998), "Altered States: Secession and the Problems of Liberal Theory", Lehning, P. B. (Ed.), Theories of Secession, Routledge, London, New York, s. 92-110.
BM Belgesi (1993), "Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992)", Human Rights Law Journal, Vol. 14, No.1-2, s. 54-56.
Branner, Georg (1996), "The Concept og Group Rights in the Field of Protection of Minorities", Sajo, A. (Ed.), Western Rights?: Post-Communist Application, Kluwer Law International, London, Boston, s. 291-302.
Buchanan, Allen (1991), Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec, Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford.
Buchanan, Allen (1998), "The International Institutional Dimension of Secession", Lehning,P. B. (Ed.), Theories of Secession, Routledge, London, New York, s. 227-256.
Capotorti, Francesco (1991), Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, United Nations Publications, New York.
Crawford, J. (1992), "The Rights of'Peoples' or 'Governments'?", Crawford, J. (Ed.), The Rights of Peoples, Clarendon Press, Oxford, s. 55-69.
Çerçeve Sözleşme (1995), "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995)", Human Rights Law Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, s. 98-101.
Dowding, Keith (1998), "Secession and Isolation", Lehning, P. B. (Ed.), Theories of Secession, Routledge, London, New York, s. 71-91.
Eide, Abjorn (1993), "In Search of Constructive Alternatives to Secession", Tomuschat, C. (Ed.), Modern Law of Self Determination, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Bos¬ton, London, s. 139-176.
Franck, T. M. (1993), "Postmodern Tribalism and the Right to Secession", Brölmann, C, Lefeber, R., Zieck, M. (Ed.), Peoples and Minorities in International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, s. 3-27.
Girasoli, Nicola (1995), National Minorities: Who are They?, Akademia Kiado, Budapest.
Hannum, Hurst (1990), Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights, University of Pensilvania Press, Philedelphia.
Kymlicka, Will (1998), "Is Federalism a Viable Alternative to Secession?", Lehning, P. B. (Ed.), Theories of Secession, Routledge, London, New York, s. 111-150.
Lerner, Natan (1993), "The Evolution of Minority Rights in International Law", Brölmann, C, Lefeber, R., Zieck, M. (Ed.), Peoples and Minorities in International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, s. 77-103.
Liebich, Andre (1996), "Getting Better, Getting Worse: Minorities in East Central Europe", Dissent, Summer, s. 84-89.
Macartney, C. A. (1968), National States and National Minorities, Russel and Russel, New York.
Muswiek, Dietrich (1993), "The Issue of a Right of Secession: Reconsidered", Tomuschat, C. (Ed.), Modern Law of Self-Determination, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, s. 21 -41.
Ramaga, Philip V. (1992a), "Relativity of the Minority Concept", Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 14, s.l 04-119.
Ramaga, Philip V. (1992b), "The Basis of Minority Identity", Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 14, s. 409-428.
Resolution 1514 (1993), "UN General Assembly Resolution 1514", Tomuschat, C. (Ed.), Modern Law of Self-Determination, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, s. 283-285.
Rittstieg, Helmut (1997), "Minority Rights or Human Rights?", Perceptions, March-May, s.56-75.
Rodley, Nigel S. (1995), "Conceptual Problems in the Protection of Minorities: International Legal Developments", Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 17, s. 48-71.
Rosas, Allen (1995), The Right of Self-Determination", Eide, A., Krause, C, Rosas, A. {Ed.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, London, s. 79-86.
Rosting, H. (1923), "Protection of Minorities by the League of Nations", American Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, No. 4, s. 641-660.
Thornberry, Patrick (1993), "The Democratic or Internal Aspect öf Self-Determination", Tomuschat, C. (Ed.), Modern Law of Self-Determination, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, s. 101-138.
Tomuschat, Christian (1993), "Self-Determination in a Post-Colonial World", Tomuschat, C. (Ed.), Modern Law ofSelf-Determination, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, s. 1-21.
Wallace, Rabecca (1997), International Human Rights: Text and Materials, Sweet and Maxwell, London.
Wolfrum, R. (1993), "The Emergence of 'New Minorities' as a Result of Migration", Brölmann, C, Lefeber, R., Zieck, M. (Ed.), Peoples and Minorities in International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, s. 153-167.