___

• Aaron, David H. Biblical Ambiguities: Metaphor, Semantics and Divine Imagery. Leiden, Boston & Köln: Brill, 2001.
• ʿAbbās, Faḍl Ḥasan. Qaṣaṣ al-Qurʾān al-karīm. 3rd ed. Amman: Dār al-Nafāʾis, 2010.
• ʿAbduh, Muḥammad. Risālat al-tawḥīd, in al-Aʿmāl al-kāmilah li-l-Imām al-Shaykh Muḥammad ʿAbduh, edited by Muḥammad ʿAmārah, III, 369-490. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 1993.
• Abrahamov, Binyamin. “Ibn Taymiyya on the Agreement of Reason with Tradition.” The Muslim World 82, no. 3-4 (1992): 256-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1992.tb03556.x.
• Adamson, Peter. “If Aquinas is a Philosopher then so are the Islamic Theologians.” Published in association with Oxford University Press, an Aeon Strategic Partner. Edited by Nigel Warburton. https://aeon.co/ideas/if-aquinas-is-a-philosopher-then-so-are-the-islamic-theologians. Accessed February 10, 2017.
• Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Radd ʿalá l-zanādiqah wa-l-Jahmiyyah fī-mā shakkat fīhi min mutashābih al-Qurʾān wa-taʾawwalathu ʿalá ghayr taʾwīlihī. Edited by Daghsh al-ʿAjmī. Kuwait: Ghirās li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ wa-l-Diʿāyah wa-l-Iʿlān, 2005.
• al-Āmidī, Abū l-Ḥasan Sayf al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Abkār al-afkār fī uṣūl al-dīn. 5 vols. Edited by Aḥmad Muḥammad al-Mahdī. 2nd ed. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub wa-l-Wathāʾiq al-Qawmiyyah, 2004.
• al-ʿĀmirī, Abū l-Ḥasan Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf. Kitāb al-amad ʿalá l-abad. Edited by Everett K. Rowson. Beirut: Dār al-Kindī, 1979.
• Backus, Irena. Historical Method and Confessional Identity in the Era of the Reformation (1378-1615). Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2003.
• Backus, Irena. “Theological Relations: Calvin and the Church Fathers.” In The Calvin Handbook, edited by Herman J. Selderhuis, translated by Henry J. Baron, Judith J. Guder, Randi H. Lundell, and Gerrit W. Sheeres, 125-136. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2009.
• Bainton, Roland H. Hunted Heretic: The Life and Death of Michael Servetus. Boston: The Beacon Press, 1953.
• al-Baṣrī, ʿAmmār. Kitāb al-burhān wa-kitāb al-masāʾil wa-l-ajwibah: Apologie et Controverses. Edited by Mīshāl al-Ḥāyik. Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, 1977.
• al-Bayḍāwī, Nāṣir al-Dīn Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUmar ibn Muḥammad. Ṭawāliʿ al-anwār min Maṭāliʿ al-anẓār. Beirut & Cairo: Dār al-Jīl & al-Maktabah al-Azhariyyah li-l-Turāth, n.d.
• al-Biqāʿī, Abū l-Ḥasan Burhān al-Dīn Ibrāhīm ibn ʿUmar. Naẓm al-durar fī tanāsub al-āyāt wa-l-suwar. 22 vols. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 1984.
• Bird, Michael F., Craig A. Evans, Simon J. Gathercole, Charles E. Hill, and Chris Tilling. How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus’ Divine Nature - A Response to Bart D. Ehrman. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2014.
• Burton, Edward. Testimonies of the Ante-Nicene Fathers to the Divinity of Christ. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1829.
• Cuthbertson, David. A Tragedy of the Reformation: Being the Authentic Narrative of the History and Burning of the “Christianismi Restitutio,” 1553. Edinburgh & London: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1912.
• Daniélou, Jean. The Theology of Jewish Christianity. Edited and translated by John A. Baker. Chicago: The Henry Regnery Co., 1964.
• Dillon, John M. “The Knowledge of God in Origen.” In Knowledge of God in the Graeco-Roman World, edited by Roel van den Broek, Tjitze Baarda, and Jaap Mansfeld, 219-228. Leiden, New York, København & Köln: E. J. Brill, 1988.
• Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
• Ehrman, Bart D. How Jesus Became God: the Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee. New York, NY: HarperOne, 2014.
• al-Fayyūmī, Saʿīd ibn Yūsuf. Kitāb al-amānāt wa-l-iʿtiqādāt. Edited by Samuel Landauer. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1880.
• Frank, David B. “Do We Translate the Original Author’s Intended Meaning?.” Open Theology 2, no. 1 (2016): 653-667. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2016-0051.
• Frank, Richard M. “The Neoplatonism of Ğahm ibn Ṣafwân.” Le Muséon: Revue d’Études Orientales 78, no. 3-4 (1965): 395-424.
• Friedman, Jerome. Michael Servetus: A Case Study in Total Heresy. Geneva: Librairie Droz S.A., 1978.
• Fulton, John F. Michael Servetus: Humanist and Martyr. New York: Herbert Reichner, 1953.
• George, Timothy. Theology of the Reformers. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishing Group, 2013.
• Gordon, Alexander. Addresses, Biographical and Historical. London: The Lindsey Press, 1922.
• Gow, Andrew Colin, and Jeremy Fradkin. “Protestantism and Non-Christian Religions.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations, edited by Ulinka Rublack, 274-300. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Griffel, Frank. “Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī.” In Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy between 500 and 1500, 2 vols., edited by Henrik Lagerlund. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, 2011, 341-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4.
• Griffith, Sidney H. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008.
• Griffith, Sidney H. “The Melkites and the Muslims: The Qur’ān, Christology, and Arab Orthodoxy.” Al-Qanṭara: Revista de Estudios Árabes 33, no. 2 (2012): 413-443. https://doi.org/10.3989/alqantara.2012.004.
• Griffith, Sidney H. The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the “People of the Book” in the Language of Islam. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013.
• Guttman, Julius. Philosophies of Judaism: The History of Jewish Philosophy from Biblical Times to Franz Rosenzweig. New York: Schocken Books, 1973.
• Hadas-Lebel, Mireille. Philo of Alexandria: A Thinker in the Jewish Diaspora. Translated by. Robyn Fréchet. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2012.
• Hallaq, Wael B. Ibn Taymiyya against the Greek Logicians. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
• Haude, Sigrun. “Anabaptism.” In The Reformation World, edited by Andrew Pettegree, 237-256. London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
• Hege, Brent A. R. Myth, History, and the Resurrection in German Protestant Theology. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2017.
• Hillar, Marian. The Case of Michael Servetus (1511-1553): the Turning Point in the Struggle for Freedom of Conscience. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1997.
• Hirsch, Elisabeth Feist. “Michael Servetus and the Neoplatonic Tradition: God, Christ and Man.” Bibliothèque d’Humanisme et Renaissance 42, no. 3 (1980): 561-575.
• Hirsch, Jr., E. D. Validity in Interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.
• Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1977.
• Hofer, Andrew. “Scripture in the Christological Controversies.” In The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Biblical Interpretation, edited by Paul M. Blowers and Peter W. Martens, 455-472. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
• Holt, Mack P. “Calvin and Reformed Protestantism.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations, edited by Ulinka Rublack, 214-232. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Hoover, Jon. “Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya’s Hadith Commentary on God’s Creation of This World.” Journal of Islamic Studies 15, no. 3 (2004): 287-329. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/15.3.287.
• Hoover, Jon. “Ibn Taymiyya.” In Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History, Volume 4 (1200-1350), edited by David Thomas and Alex Mallett, 824-878. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2009.
• Hoover, Jon. “Ḥanbalī Theology.” In The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology, edited by Sabine Schmidtke, 625-646. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Hunsinger, George. “Karl Barth’s Doctrine of the Trinity, and Some Protestant Doctrines after Barth.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity, edited by Gilles Emery and Matthew Levering, 294-313. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Husseini, Sara Leila. Early Christian-Muslim Debate on the Unity of God: Three Christian Scholars and Their Engagement with Islamic Thought (9th century C.E.). Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2014.
• Ibn ʿAbd al-Hādī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Dimashqī. al-ʿUqūd al-durriyyah min manāqib Shaykh al-islām Ibn Taymiyyah. Edited by Abū Muṣʿab Ṭalʿat ibn Fuʾād al-Ḥalwānī. Cairo: al-Fārūq al-Ḥadīthah li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 2002.
• Ibn ʿĀshūr, Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Tafsīr al-taḥrīr wa-l-tanwīr. 30 vols. Tunis: al-Dār al-Tūnisiyyah li-l-Nashr, 1984.
• Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd al-Andalusī al-Qurṭubī. Marātib al-ijmāʿ fī l-ʿibādāt wa-l-muʿāmalāt wa-l-iʿtiqādāt. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qudsī, 1938.
• Ibn Kammūnah, ʿIzz al-Dawlah Saʿd ibn Manṣūr ibn Saʿd al-Isrāʾīlī al-Baghdādī. Tanqīḥ al-abḥāth li-l-milal al-thalāth: al-Yahūdiyyah, al-Masīḥiyyah, al-Islām. Edited by Moshe Perlmann. Cairo: Dār al-Anṣār, 1967.
• Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. al-Aḍḥawiyyah fī l-maʿād. Edited by Ḥasan ʿĀṣī. Tehran: Muʾassasah-ʾi Shams-i Tabrīzī, 1382 HS.
• Ibn Taymiyyah, Abū l-ʿAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm al-Ḥarrānī. al-Risālah al-Tadmuriyyah. Cairo: Maktabat al-Sunnah al-Muḥammadiyyah, 1950.
• Ibn Taymiyyah, Abū l-ʿAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm al-Ḥarrānī. Bayān talbīs al-Jahmiyyah fī taʾsīs bidaʿihim al-kalāmiyyah, aw naqḍ taʾsīs al-Jahmiyyah. 2 vols. Edited by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Qāsim. Mecca: Maṭbaʿat al-Ḥukūmah, 1971.
• Ibn Taymiyyah, Abū l-ʿAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm al-Ḥarrānī. Minhāj al-sunnah al-nabawiyyah fī naqḍ kalām al-Shīʿah al-Qadariyyah. 9 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Rashād Sālim. Riyadh: Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad ibn Suʿūd al-Islāmiyyah, 1986.
• Ibn Taymiyyah, Abū l-ʿAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm al-Ḥarrānī. Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql. 11 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Rashād Sālim. 2nd ed. Riyadh: Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad ibn Suʿūd al-Islāmiyyah, 1991.
• ______. Sharḥ al-ʿAqīdah al-Iṣfahāniyyah. Edited by Saʿīd ibn Naṣr ibn Muḥammad. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2001.
• Ibn Taymiyyah, Abū l-ʿAbbās Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm al-Ḥarrānī. Majmūʿ fatāwá Shaykh al-islām Aḥmad Ibn Taymiyyah. 37 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Qāsim. Medina: Mujammaʿ al-Malik Fahd li-Ṭibāʿat al-Muṣḥaf al-Sharīf, 2003-2004.
• al-Ījī, Abū l-Faḍl ʿAḍud al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad. al-Mawāqif fī ʿilm al-kalām. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1999.
• İskenderoğlu, Muammer. “Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī.” In Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History, Volume 4 (1200-1350), edited by David Thomas and Alex Mallett, 61-65. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2009.
• Janosik, Daniel. John of Damascus, First Apologist to the Muslims: The Trinity and Christian Apologetics in the Early Islamic Period. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2016.
• Kannengiesser, Charles, ed. Handbook of Patristic Exegesis: The Bible in Ancient Christianity. 2 vols. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2004.
• Kaya, Veysel. “Reason and Intellect.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam, edited by Ibrahim Kalin, II, 185-191. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Kingston, Elizabeth Sarah. “‘The Language of the Naked Facts’: Joseph Priestley on Language and Revealed Religion.” PhD diss., Falmer, Brighton, UK: University of Sussex, 2010.
• Lasker, Daniel Judah. “Jewish Philosophical Polemics against Christianity in the Middle Ages.” PhD diss., Waltham, MA: University of Brandeis, 1976.
• Lasker, Daniel Judah. “The Jewish Critique of Christianity under Islam in the Middle Ages.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 57 (1990-1991): 121-153. https://doi.org/10.2307/3622656.
• Leaman, Oliver. “The Developed Kalām Tradition, Part I.” In The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology, edited by Tim Winter, 77-90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• Legge, Dominic. The Trinitarian Christology of St Thomas Aquinas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
• Lim, Paul Chang-Ha. Mystery Unveiled: The Crisis of the Trinity in Early Modern England. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Maimonides, Moses. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer. 2nd ed. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1904.
• al-Malāḥimī, Rukn al-Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad. Kitāb al-muʿtamad fī uṣūl al-dīn. Edited by Martin J. McDermott and Wilferd Madelung. London: al-Hudá, 1991.
• Malcolm, Noel. Useful Enemies: Islam and The Ottoman Empire in Western Political Thought, 1450-1750. Oxford & New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019.
• McEvoy, J. G., and J. E. McGuire. “God and Nature: Priestley’s Way of Rational Dissent.” In Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Sixth Annual Volume, edited by Russell McCormmach, 325-404. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.
• Meier, Christian. “The Origins of Islam: A Conversation with the German Islamic Scholar Josef Van Ess.” Fikrun wa Fann: A Publication of Goethe-Institut, November 2011. Translated by Charlotte Collins. http://www.goethe.de/ges/phi/prj/ffs/the/a96/en8626506.htm. Accessed June 3, 2019.
• Meijering, E. P. “God Cosmos History: Christian and Neo-Platonic Views on Divine Revelation.” Vigiliae Christianae 28, no. 4 (1974): 248-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1583232.
• Mikhail, Wageeh Y. F. “ʿAmmār al-Baṣrī’s Kitāb al-Burhān: A Topical and Theological Analysis of Arabic Christian Theology in the Ninth Century.” PhD diss., Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2013.
• Mills, Simon. “Joseph Priestley and the Intellectual Culture of Rational Dissent, 1752-1796.” PhD diss., London: Queen Mary, University of London, 2009.
• Naphy, William G. “Calvin and Geneva.” In The Reformation World, edited by Andrew Pettegree, 309-322. London & New York: Routledge, 2000.
• Niehoff, Maren R. Philo of Alexandria: An Intellectual Biography. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2018.
• Odhner, Carl. Michael Servetus: His Life and Teachings. Philadelphia: Press of J. B. Lippincott Company, 1910.
• Olson, Roger E., and Christopher A. Hall. The Trinity. Grand Rapids, MI & Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2002.
• Ovadia, Miriam. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and the Divine Attributes: Rationalized Traditionalistic Theology. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2018.
• Paulsen, David L. “Early Christian Belief in a Corporeal Deity: Origen and Augustine as Reluctant Witnesses.” Harvard Theological Review 83, no. 2 (1990): 105-116.
• Peters, F. E. The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, volume II: The Words and Will of God. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003.
• Phan, Peter C. “Developments of the Doctrine of Trinity.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity, edited by Peter C. Phan, 3-12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
• al-Qarāfī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Idrīs ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Nafāʾis al-uṣūl fī sharḥ al-Maḥṣūl. 9 vols. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. Mecca: Maktabat Nizār Muṣṭafá al-Bāz, 1995.
• Ralston, Joshua. “Islam as Christian Trope: The Place and Function of Islam in Reformed Dogmatic Theology.” The Muslim World 107, no. 4 (2017): 754-776. https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12220.
• al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar. Tafsīr al-Fakhr al-Rāzī al-mushtahir bi-l-Tafsīr al-kabīr wa-Mafātīḥ al-ghayb. 32 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1981.
• al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar. al-Maḥṣūl fī ʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh. 6 vols. Edited by Jābir Fayyāḍ al-ʿAlwānī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1992.
• al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar. Nihāyat al-ʿuqūl fī dirāyat al-uṣūl. 4 vols. Edited by Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Fūdah. Beirut: Dār al-Dhakhāʾir, 2015.
• Rea, Michael C. “The Trinity.” In The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology, edited by Thomas P. Flint and Michael C. Rea, 403-429. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Reynolds, Gabriel Said. “The Islamic Christ.” In The Oxford Handbook of Christology, edited by Francesca Aran Murphy and Troy A. Stefano, 183-198. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
• Rilliet, Albert. Calvin and Servetus: The Reformer’s Share in the Trial of Michael Servetus, Historically Ascertained. Translated with notes and additions by W. K. Tweedie. Edinburgh: John Johnstone, 1846.
• Ryu, Bobby Jang Sun. “Knowledge of God in Philo of Alexandria with special reference to the Allegorical Commentary.” PhD diss., Oxford: University of Oxford, 2012.
• Seale Morris S. Muslim Theology: A Study of Origins with reference to the Church Fathers. London: Luzac, 1964.
• Segev, Mor. Aristotle on Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
• Servetus, Michael. The Restoration of Christianity: an English translation of Christianismi restitutio, 1553 by Michael Servetus (1511-1553). Translated by Christopher A. Hoffmann and Marian Hillar. Lewiston, N Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.
• al-Sharafī, ʿAbd al-Majīd. al-Fikr al-Islāmī fī l-radd ʿalá l-Naṣārá ilá nihāyat al-qarn al-rābiʿ/al-ʿāshir. Tunis: al-Dār al-Tūnisiyyah li-l-Nashr, 1986.
• al-Shawkānī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Irshād al-fuḥūl ilá taḥqīq al-ḥaqq min ʿilm al-uṣūl. 4 in 2 vols. Edited by Abū Ḥafṣ Sāmī ibn al-ʿArabī al-Atharī. Riyadh: Dār al-Faḍīlah li-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 2000.
• Shroyer, Montgomery J. “Alexandrian Jewish Literalists.” Journal of Biblical Literature 55, no. 4 (1936): 261-284. https://doi.org/10.2307/3259122.
• Skarsaune, Oskar. “Introduction, 1: Jewish Believers in Jesus in Antiquity – Problems of Definition, Method, and Sources.” In Jewish Believers in Jesus: The Early Centuries, edited by Oskar Skarsaune and Reidar Hvalvik, 3-21. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 2007.
• Stead, George Christopher. Philosophy in Christian Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
• Thomson, Ann. Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
• el-Tobgui, Carl Sharif. “From Legal Theory to Erkenntnistheorie: Ibn Taymiyya on Tawātur as the Ultimate Guarantor of Human Cognition.” Oriens 46, no. 1-2 (2018): 6-61. https://doi.org/10.1163/18778372-04601002.
• el-Tobgui, Carl Sharif. “Ibn Taymiyya on the Incoherence of the Theologians’ Universal Law: Reframing the Debate between Reason and Revelation in Medieval Islam.” Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 18 (2018): 63-85. https://doi.org/10.5617/jais.6521.
• al-Ṭūfī, Abū l-Rabīʿ Najm al-Dīn Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Qawī ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Ḥanbalī. al-Intiṣārāt al-Islāmiyyah fī kashf shubah al-Naṣrāniyyah. 2 vols. Edited by Sālim ibn Muḥammad al-Qarnī. Riyadh: Maktabat al-ʿUbaykān, 1999.
• al-Ṭūfī, Abū l-Rabīʿ Najm al-Dīn Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Qawī ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Ḥanbalī. Darʾ al-qawl al-qabīḥ bi-l-taḥsīn wa-l-taqbīḥ. Edited by Ayman Maḥmūd Shiḥādah. Riyadh: Markaz al-Malik Fayṣal li-l-Buḥūth wa-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyyah, 2005.
• van Vliet, Jason. Children of God: The Imago Dei in John Calvin and his Context. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.
• Whittingham, Martin. “How Could So Many Christians Be Wrong? The Role of Tawātur (Recurrent Transmission of Reports) in Understanding Muslim Views of the Crucifixion.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 19, no. 2 (2008): 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410801923659.
• Williams, George H. The Radical Reformation. Philadelphia, PA: The Westminster Press, 1962.
• Williams, Rowan. Arius: Heresy and Tradition. London: SCM Press, 2001.
• Willis, Robert. Servetus and Calvin: A Study of an Important Epoch in the Early History of the Reformation. London: Henry S. King & Co., 1877.
• Wolfson, Harry Austryn. Philo: Foundations of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1947.
• Wolfson, Harry Austryn. The Philosophy of the Kalam. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press, 1976.
• Wright, Richard. An Apology for Dr. Michael Servetus: Including an Account of His Life, Persecution, Writings and Opinions. Wisbech: F. B. Wright, 1806.
• Xiuyuan, Dong. “The Presence of Buddhist Thought in Kalām Literature.” Philosophy East and West 68, no. 3 (2018): 944-973. https://doi.org/10.1353/pew.2018.0080.