Fatma Necmiye KACI, Arzu GÖRMEZ, Damla RÜZGAR, Derya EFE

Punica granatum L. Kabuklarinin Etanol Ekstraktlarının Sitotoksik ve Antibakteriyel AktivitelerininDeğerlendirilmesi

Çalışmada, nar kabuğu ekstraktlarının antibakteriyel aktivitesi ve güvenilirliğini kanıtlamak amacıyla insan dermalfibroblast primer hücreleri üzerindeki sitotoksisitesinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Nar kabuklarının etanol özütlerininantibakteriyel etkinliği Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 67101,Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcusfaecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Burkholderia cepacia, Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii ve Cedecea neteri’ye karşı disk difüzyon ve mikrodilüsyon yöntemleriyle test edildi. Aynı zamanda, ekstraktın insan dermal fibroblast hücreleriüzerindeki etkileri de WST-8 deneyi ile belirlendi. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; nar kabuklarının etanol özütü, A. baumannii, E. coli, S. aureus MRSA ATCC 67101, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, B. cepacia, B. cereus, C. freundii ve C.neteri’ye karşı 100 ila 500 μg $mL^{-1}$ arasında değişen oranlarda MİK değerleri ile potansiyel olarak etkiliydi. Çalışmadaekstraktın K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and S. pneumoniae’ye karşı inhibisyon aktivitesi gözlenmedi. Aynı zamanda Punicagranatum L. kabuğunun etanol özütü, dermal fibroblast hücrelerine karşı da herhangi bir sitotoksisiteye sahip değildi.Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, ekstraktın antibakteriyel özelliğe sahip olduğu ve toksik etkisi olmaması nedeniyle de birçokendüstriyel üründe doğal koruyucu bir bileşen olarak kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.

The Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activity of the Ethanol Extract of Punica granatum L. Peels

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of pomegranate peel’s extract and thecytotoxicity on the human dermal fibroblast primary cells to rationalize the safe usage of this extract. The antibacterialefficiency of ethanol extract of pomegranate peels was evaluated against Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 67101, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Burkholderia cepacia, Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii and Cedecea neteri by disc diffusion and microdilution assays. At the same time, the effects of thisextract on the human dermal fibroblast primary cells were determined by WST-8 assay. The ethanol extract of pomegranatepeels was potentially effective with different efficiency against A. baumannii, E. coli, S. aureus MRSA ATCC 67101, P.aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, B. cepacia, B. cereus, C. freundii, and C. neteri at MIC's ranged from 100 to 500 μg$mL^{-1}$ . However, it exhibits no inhibition activity against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and S. pneumoniae. The ethanol extractof Punica granatum L. peel exhibited no cytotoxic activity against the normal human dermal fibroblast primary cells.According to results it may be suggested that this extract possess antibacterial properties and the safety, and therefore, it canbe used as a natural preservative ingredient in many industrial products.

PDF

___

Abdollahzadeh SH, Mashouf RY, Mortazavi H, Moghaddam MH, Roozbahani N, Vahedi M, 2011. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Punica granatum peel extracts against oral pathogens. Journal of Dentistry, 8: 1-6.
Akhtar S, Ismail T, Fraternale D, Sestili, P, 2015. Pomegranate peel and peel extracts: Chemistry and food features. Food Chemistry, 174: 417-425.
Al-Zoreky NS, 2009. Anti-microbial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 134: 244-248.
Anibal PC, Peixoto ITA., Foglio MA, Höfling JF, 2013. Antifungal activity of the ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum L. and evaluation of the morphological and structural modifications of its compounds upon the cells of Candida spp. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44(3): 839-848.
Annu A, Ahmed S, Kaur G, Sharma P, Singh S, Ikram S, 2018. Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer (lung cancer cell line A549) activity of Punica granatum mediated silver nanoparticles. Toxicological Research, 7(5): 923-930.
Bakkiyaraj D, Nandhini JR, Malathy B, Pandian SK, 2013. The anti-biofilm potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extract against human bacterial and fungal pathogens. Biofouling, 29(8): 929-937.
Bbosa GS, Mwebaza N, 2013. Global irrational antibiotics/antibacterial drugs use: A current and future health and environmental consequences. Formatex, 1645-1655.
Choi JG, Kang OH, Lee YS, Chae HS, Oh YC, Brice OO, Kim MS, Sohn DH, Kim HS, Park HP, Shin DW, Rho JR, Kwon, DY 2011. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of Punica granatum peel ethanol extract against Salmonella. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011: 1-8.
Dey D, Debnath S, Hazra S, Ghosh S, Ray R, Hazra B, 2012. Pomegranate pericarp extract enhances the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-b-lactamase (MBL) producing Gram-negative bacilli. Food Chemical Toxicology, 50: 4302-4309.
Divyashree P, Kunnaiah R, 2014. Punica granatum: A review on its potential role in treating periodontal disease. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 18(4): 428-432.
Duman AD, Ozgen M, Dayisoylu KS, Erbil N, Durgac C, 2009. Antimicrobial activity of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties and their relation to some of their pomological and phytonutrient characteristics. Molecules, 14: 1808-1817.
Efe D, 2019. The Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Grown in Giresun, Turkey. Alinteri Journal of Agricultural Science, 34: 1.
Fawole OA, Makunga NP, Opara UL, 2012. Antibacterial, antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities of pomegranate fruit peel methanolic extract. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12: 200.
Gormez A, Bozari S, Yanmis D, Gulluce M, Sahin F, Agar G, 2015. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of two species of Lamiaceae against phytopathogenic bacteria. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 64(2): 121-127.
Gould SW, Fielder MD, Kelly AF, Naughton DP, 2009. Anti-microbial activities of pomegranate rind extracts: enhancement by cupric sulphate against clinical isolates of S. aureus, MRSA and PVL positive CA-MSSA. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 9: 23.
Ishiyama M, Miyazono Y, Sasamoto K, Ohkura Y, Ueno K, 1997. A highly water-soluble disulfonated tetrazolium salt as a chromogenic indicator for NADH as well as cell viability. Talanta, 44(7): 1299-1305.
Ismail T, Sestili P, Akhtar S, 2012. Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts: A review of potential antiinflammatory and anti-infective effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(2): 397-405.
Jorgensen JH, Turnide, JD, Washington JA, 1999. Antibacterial susceptibility taste: Dilution and Disc diffusion method. In: Mannual of Clinical Microbiology, 7th ed. Murry, PR, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Baron EJ. and RH Yolken (eds), ASM Press, Washington, D.C, 1526-1543.
Kaur R, Kaushal S, Sharma P, 2018. Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(5): 3441-3449.
Khan JA, Hanee S, 2011. Antibacterial Properties of Punica granatum peels. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical, 2 (3): 23-27.
Khwairakpam AD, Bordoloi D, Thakur KK, Monisha J, Arfuso F, Sethi G, Mishra S, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara, A.B. 2018. Possible use of Punica granatum (Pomegranate) in cancer therapy. Pharmacological Research, 133: 53-64.
Lamar AS, Fonseca G, Fuentes JL, Cozzi R, Cundari E, Fiore M, Ricordy R, Perticone P, Degrassi F, De Salvia R, 2008. Assessment of the genotoxic risk of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115: 416-422.
Malik A, Afaq F, Sarfaraz S, Adhami VM, Syed DN, Mukhtar H, 2005. Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102: 14813-14818.
Manthey A, Grohmann K, 2001. Phenols in citrus peel by products: concentrations of hydroxycinnamates and polymethoxylated flavones in citrus peel molasses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(7): 3268-3273.
Middha SK, Usha T, Pande V, 2013. A Review on antihyperglycemic and antihepatoprotective activity of eco-friendly Punica granatum peel waste. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013: 1-10.
Orgil O, Schwartz E, Baruch L, Matityahu I, Mahajna J, Amir R, 2014. The antioxidative and antiproliferative potential of non-edible organs of the pomegranate fruit and tree. Food Science and Technology, 58(2): 571-577.
Pisoschi AM., Pop A, Georgescu C, Turcuş V, Olah NK, Mathe E, 2017. An overview of natural antimicrobials role in food. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 143: 922-935.
Rios JL, Recio MC, 2005. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100: 80-84.
Rosas-Burgos EC, Burgos-Hernández, A, Noguera-Artiaga L, Kačániová M, Hernández-García F, Cárdenas-López, JL, 2017. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel extracts as affected by cultivar. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(3): 802-810.
Sánchez-Lamar A, Fonseca G, Fuentes JL, Cozzi R, Cundari E, Fiore M, Ricordy R, Perticone P, Degrassi F., De Salvia R, 2008. Assessment of the genotoxic risk of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115(3): 416-422.
Sineh SK, Baradaran B, Mazandarani M, Khori V, Shahneh, FZ, 2012. Studies on the cytotoxic activities of Punica granatum L. var. spinosa (apple punice) extract on prostate cell line by induction of apoptosis. ISRN Pharmaceutics, 2012: 1-6.
Singh B, Singh JP, Kaur A, Singh N, 2018. Phenolic compounds as beneficial phytochemicals in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel: a review. Food Chemistry, 261: 75-86.
Singh JP, Kaur A, Singh N, Nim L, Shevkani K, Kaur H, Arora DS, 2016. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of jambolan (Syzygium cumini) fruit polyphenols. LWT-Food Science Technology, 65: 1025-1030.
Voravuthikunchai S, Lortheeranuwat A, Jeeju W, Sririrak T, Phongpaichit S, Supawita T, 2004. Effective medicinal plants against enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94: 49-54.
Wang R, Ding Y, Liu R, Xiang L, Du L, 2010. Pomegranate: Constituents, bioactivities and pharmacokinetics. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology, 4(2): 77-87.
Wang, L, Curtis L, Weller S, 2006. Recent Advances in Extraction of Nutraceuticals from Plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17(6): 300-312.
Yahya EB, Alhawari SM, AbuAeshah, KA, Alkaim AF, 2018. Evaluation of in-vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the peels Punica granatum and Olea europaea leaves. Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1): 36-44.
Zhou B, Yi H, Tan J, Wu Y, Liu G, Qiu Z, 2015. Anti‐proliferative effects of polyphenols from pomegranate rind (Punica granatum L.) on EJ bladder cancer cells via regulation of p53/miR‐34a Axis. Phytotheraphy Research, 29(3): 415-422.