Design of Unmanned Helicopter Equipped with Turboshaft Engine for Agriculture Spraying Mission Based on Thermodynamic Analysis

In this study, the thermodynamic cycle of a turboshaft engine whose design parameters were determined in accordance with an agricultural spraying unmanned helicopter was performed. After the solid model of the unmanned helicopter was created, a tank was designed to carry additives and water. The design requirements of the turboshaft engine were determined by deciding the maximum power requirement of the unmanned helicopter in accordance with the design parameters of the tank. The performance parameters of each component of the turboshaft engine are presented through diagrams. In addition, entropy generation (exergy destruction) and loop diagrams are presented to the literature depending on performance parameters. This study provides evidence that the design parameters of a manned and/or unmanned helicopter should be considered depending on the environmental conditions. The effect of ambient temperature and pressure varying with altitude on all components of the engine appears as the rate of exergy destruction. Thereby, it is necessary to analyze the ambient temperature and pressure in determining the required design parameters. The relationship of temperature-pressure-entropy production according to the station numbers of the engine is presented through diagrams. It is clearly seen that entropy production increases with the increase in temperature in the components of the turboshaft. Since the aero-vehicle needs maximum power requirements during the take-off phase and its power is associated with temperature, pressure and many other parameters, the take-off phase is an important process in all flight stages.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Unmanned helicopter, turboshaft, thermodynamic analysis, exergy

Design of Unmanned Helicopter Equipped with Turboshaft Engine for Agriculture Spraying Mission Based on Thermodynamic Analysis

Keywords:

Unmanned helicopter, turboshaft, exergy, thermodynamic analysis,

PDF

___

Ajayi OG, Palmer M, Salubi AA, 2018. Modelling farmland topography for suitable site selection of dam construction using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 11, 220-230.
Akturk E, Altunel A.O, 2019. Accuracy assesment of a low-cost UAV derived digital elevation model (DEM) in a highly broken and vegetated terrain. Measurement, 136, 382-386.
Andújar D, Moreno H, Bengochea-Guevara J., de Castro A, Ribeiro A, 2019. Aerial imagery or on-ground detection? An economic analysis for vineyard crops. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 157, 351-358.
Arntz A, Atinault O, Merlen A, 2014. Exergy-based formulation for aircraft aeropropulsive performance assessment: theoretical development. AIAA Journal, 53(6), 1627-1639.
Aydin H, Turan O, Karakoc TH, Midilli A, 2012. Component–based exergetic measures of an experimental turboprop/turboshaft engine for propeller aircrafts and helicopters. International Journal of Exergy, 11(3), 322-348.
Aziz MA, Tollington S, Barlow A, Goodrich J, Shamsuddoha M, Islam MA, Groombridge JJ, 2017. Investigating patterns of tiger and prey poaching in the Bangladesh Sundarbans: Implications for improved management. Global Ecology and Conservation, 9, 70-81.
Belmonte N, Staulo S, Fiorot S, Luetto C, Rizzi P, Baricco M, 2018. Fuel cell powered octocopter for inspection of mobile cranes: Design, cost analysis and environmental impacts. Applied energy, 215, 556-565.
Boyce MP, 2012. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook, 4nd ed., Elsevier.
Bucknell A, Bassindale T, 2017. An investigation into the effect of surveillance drones on textile evidence at crime scenes. Science & justice, 57(5), 373-375.
Calleja JF, Pagés OR, Díaz-Álvarez N, Peón J, Gutiérrez N, Martín-Hernández E, ... Álvarez, PF, 2018. Detection of buried archaeological remains with the combined use of satellite multispectral data and UAV data. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 73, 555-573.
Coban K, Colpan CO, Karakoc TH, 2017. Application of thermodynamic laws on a military helicopter engine. Energy, 140, 1427-1436.
Coban K, Şöhret Y, Colpan CO, Karakoç, TH, 2017. Exergetic and exergoeconomic assessment of a small-scale turbojet fuelled with biodiesel. Energy, 140, 1358-1367.
Dash JP, Watt MS, Pearse GD, Heaphy M, Dungey HS, 2017. Assessing very high resolution UAV imagery for monitoring forest health during a simulated disease outbreak. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 131, 1-14.
De Beni E, Cantarero M, Messina A, 2019. UAVs for volcano monitoring: A new approach applied on an active lava flow on Mt. Etna (Italy), during the 27 February–02 March 2017 eruption. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 369, 250-262.
De Melo RRS, Costa DB, Álvares JS, Irizarry J, 2017. Applicability of unmanned aerial system (UAS) for safety inspection on construction sites. Safety science, 98, 174-185.
Dincer I, Rosen MA, 2012. Exergy: energy, environment and sustainable development. Newnes.
Goodchild A, Toy J, 2018. Delivery by drone: An evaluation of unmanned aerial vehicle technology in reducing CO2 emissions in the delivery service industry. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 58-67.
Hambrecht L, Brown RP, Piel AK, Wich SA, 2019. Detecting ‘poachers’ with drones: Factors influencing the probability of detection with TIR and RGB imaging in miombo woodlands, Tanzania. Biological conservation, 233, 109-117.
Hill AC, 2019. Economical drone mapping for archaeology: Comparisons of efficiency and accuracy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 24, 80-91.
Igwe IS, 2019. Off-Design Performance Analysis of Gbaran-Ubie Gas Power Plant, Bayelsa State, Using Energy and Exergy Methods. International Journal of Engineering Science, 21956.
Iuga C, Drăgan P, Bușoniu L, 2018. Fall monitoring and detection for at-risk persons using a UAV. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(10), 199-204.
Ivushkin K, Bartholomeus H, Bregt AK, Pulatov A, Franceschini MH, Kramer H, ... Finkers R, 2019. UAV based soil salinity assessment of cropland. Geoderma, 338, 502-512.
Katariya M, Chung DCK, Minife T, Gupta H, Zahidi AAA, Liew OW, Ng TW, 2018. Drone inflight mixing of biochemical samples. Analytical biochemistry, 545, 1-3.
Kaya N, Turan Ö, Karakoç TH, Midilli A, 2016. Parametric study of exergetic sustainability performances of a high altitude long endurance unmanned air vehicle using hydrogen fuel. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(19), 8323-8336.
Kilani N, Khir T, Brahim AB, 2019. Energetic and Exergetic Optimization of a Combined Cycle Power Plant with Dual-Pressure HRSG, Compressed Air Cooling, Steam Injection and Vapor Extraction Systems. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, 43(1), 527-536.
Koruyucu E, 2019. Energy and exergy analysis at different hybridization factors for hybrid electric propulsion light utility helicopter engine. Energy, 189, 116105.
Krishnan EN, Balasundaran N, Thomas RJ, 2018. Thermodynamic analysis of an integrated gas turbine power plant utilizing cold exergy of LNG. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 12(3), 3961-3975.
Kumar NM, Sudhakar K, Samykano M, Jayaseelan V, 2018. On the technologies empowering drones for intelligent monitoring of solar photovoltaic power plants. Procedia computer science, 133, 585-593.
Langhammer J, Janský B, Kocum J, Minařík R, 2018. 3-D reconstruction of an abandoned montane reservoir using UAV photogrammetry, aerial LiDAR and field survey. Applied geography, 98, 9-21.
Lefebvre AH, Ballal DR, 2010. Gas Turbine Combustion: Alternative Fuels and Emissions, 3nd ed., CRC Press, London.
Liardon JL, Hostettler L, Zulliger L, Kangur K, Shaik NSG, Barry DA, 2018. Lake imaging and monitoring aerial drone. HardwareX, 3, 146-159.
Liu K, Shen X, Cao L, Wang G, Cao F, 2018. Estimating forest structural attributes using UAV-LiDAR data in Ginkgo plantations. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, 146, 465-482.
Ludeno G, Catapano I, Renga A, Vetrella AR, Fasano G, Soldovieri F, 2018. Assessment of a micro-UAV system for microwave tomography radar imaging. Remote Sensing of Environment, 212, 90-102.
Malone M, Foster E, 2019. A mixed-methods approach to determine how conservation management programs and techniques have affected herbicide use and distribution in the environment over time. Science of The Total Environment, 660, 145-157.
Marmolejo-Correa D, Gundersen T, 2012. A new graphical representation of exergy applied to low temperature process design. In Computer aided chemical engineering (Vol. 31, pp. 1180-1184). Elsevier.
Mattingly JD, 2006. Elements of propulsion: gas turbines and rockets. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
McCall B, 2019. Sub-Saharan Africa leads the way in medical drones.
Narayanan RGL, Ibe OC, 2015. Joint Network for Disaster Relief and Search and Rescue Network Operations. In Wireless Public Safety Networks 1 (pp. 163-193). Elsevier.
Rakha T, Gorodetsky A, 2018. Review of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) applications in the built environment: Towards automated building inspection procedures using drones. Automation in Construction, 93, 252-264.
Rossini M, Di Mauro B, Garzonio R, Baccolo G, Cavallini G, Mattavelli M, ... Colombo R, 2018. Rapid melting dynamics of an alpine glacier with repeated UAV photogrammetry. Geomorphology, 304, 159-172.
Roth BA, Mavris DN, 2000. A comparision of thermodynamic loss models applied to the J-79 turbojet engine. Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 36th, Huntsville, July, Alabama, USA, AIAA2000-3715.
Rusnák M, Sládek J, Kidová A, Lehotský M, 2018. Template for high-resolution river landscape mapping using UAV technology. Measurement, 115, 139-151.
Salvo G, Caruso L, Scordo A, 2014. Urban traffic analysis through an UAV. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 111, 1083-1091.
Sanaye S, Amani M, Amani P, 2018. 4E modeling and multi-criteria optimization of CCHPW gas turbine plant with inlet air cooling and steam injection. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 29, 70-81.
Senthilnath J, Kandukuri M, Dokania A, Ramesh KN, 2017. Application of UAV imaging platform for vegetation analysis based on spectral-spatial methods. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 140, 8-24.
Seo J, Duque L, Wacker J, 2018. Drone-enabled bridge inspection methodology and application. Automation in Construction, 94, 112-126.
Singha A, Ray AK, Samaddar AB, 2018. Trajectory tracking in the desired formation around a target by multiple uav systems. Procedia Computer Science, 133, 924-931.
Stek TD, 2016. Drones over Mediterranean landscapes. The potential of small UAV's (drones) for site detection and heritage management in archaeological survey projects: A case study from Le Pianelle in the Tappino Valley, Molise (Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 22, 1066-1071.
Sutheerakul C, Kronprasert N, Kaewmoracharoen M, Pichayapan P, 2017. Application of unmanned aerial vehicles to pedestrian traffic monitoring and management for shopping streets. Transportation research procedia, 25, 1717-1734.
Şöhret Y, Dinç A, Karakoç TH, 2015. Exergy analysis of a turbofan engine for an unmanned aerial vehicle during a surveillance mission. Energy, 93, 716-729.
Şöhret, Y. (2018a). Ecologic performance and sustainability evaluation of a turbojet engine under on-design conditions. Aviation, 22(4), 166-173.
Şöhret, Y. (2018b). Exergo-sustainability analysis and ecological function of a simple gas turbine aero-engine. Journal of Thermal Engineering (JTEN), 4(4), 2083-2095.
Turan Ö, Aydın H, 2016. Numerical calculation of energy and exergy flows of a turboshaft engine for power generation and helicopter applications. Energy, 115, 914-923.
Valkaniotis S, Papathanassiou G, Ganas A, 2018. Mapping an earthquake-induced landslide based on UAV imagery; case study of the 2015 Okeanos landslide, Lefkada, Greece. Engineering geology, 245, 141-152.
Verfuss UK, Aniceto AS, Harris DV, Gillespie D, Fielding S, Jiménez G, ... Storvold R, 2019. A review of unmanned vehicles for the detection and monitoring of marine fauna. Marine pollution bulletin, 140, 17-29.
Wang X, Sun H, Long Y, Zheng L, Liu H, Li M, 2018. Development of Visualization System for Agricultural UAV Crop Growth Information Collection. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(17), 631-636.
Wang Z, Griffin AS, Lucas A, Wong KC, 2019. Psychological warfare in vineyard: Using drones and bird psychology to control bird damage to wine grapes. Crop Protection, 120, 163-170.
Xia J, Wang K, Wang S, 2019. Drone scheduling to monitor vessels in emission control areas. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 119, 174-196.
Zakeri H, Nejad FM, Fahimifar A, 2016. Rahbin: A quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle based on a systematic image processing approach toward an automated asphalt pavement inspection. Automation in Construction, 72, 211-235.
Zhang J, Hu J, Lian J, Fan Z, Ouyang X, Ye W, 2016. Seeing the forest from drones: Testing the potential of lightweight drones as a tool for long-term forest monitoring. Biological Conservation, 198, 60-69.
Zheng X, Wang F, Li Z, 2018. A multi-UAV cooperative route planning methodology for 3D fine-resolution building model reconstruction. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, 146, 483-494.