Cengiz ÜNSAL, Belgin SIRIKEN, Fatih SIRIKEN, Gülay ÇİFTCİ

Beslenme ve Epigenetik

Epigenetik, DNA diziliminde herhangi bir değişiklik olmaksızın kromatin ve DNA’da reverzibil nitelikte meydana gelen moleküler değişiklikleri kapsayan kalıtsal mitotik çalışmalar olarak tanımlanır. Başlıca epigenetik süreçler metilasyon, kromatin modifikasyonu, fosforilasyon, ubiquitinilasyon ve sumuilasyondur. Bunlar arasında, DNA metilasyonu ile kromatin modifikasyonu en iyi bilinenidir. Kromatin, çekirdekte bir araya getirilen bir protein (histon) ve DNA kompleksidir. Bu kompleks, mikroRNA’lar ve küçük RNA interferansı (RNA girişimi) gibi bazı RNA formları, enzimler ve asetil gruplar gibi maddeler tarafından değiştirilebilir. Bu değişiklikler gen ifadesinin etkilenmesine neden olarak kromatin yapılarını da değiştirir. Epigenetik modifikasyonlar, büyümenin kritik dönemlerindeki beslenme ve hastalıklara yol açabilen gen ifadelerindeki değişmeler arasında potansiyel bir bağlantı sağlar. Bu nedenle, epigenetik işaretlerin çevre, beslenme ve hastalıklar arasında mekanik bir bağlantı sağladığı kabul edilmektedir. Besinler ve biyoaktif gıda bileşenleri ya direk olarak DNA metilasyonu ile histon modifikasyonunu katalize eden enzimleri inhibe ederek ya da bütün enzimatik reaksiyonlar için gerekli ulaşılabilir substratları değiştirmek suretiyle epigenetik fenomenleri etkileyebilir. Örneğin, yeşil çay yapraklarında bulunan folatlar, kahve, hububat taneleri, erik ve kivi meyvelerinde bulunan sinnamik asit, yeşil çaydan elde edilen epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) gibi fenoller, kırmızı üzüm ve ürünlerinde bulunan resveratrol, turpgillerde bulunan izotiyosiyanat ve sulforafan, keten tohumundaki lignanlar, selenyum ve bazı vitaminler epigenetik besinler olarak değerlendirilir. Bu derlemenin amacı epigenetik değişikliklerle beslenme arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Epigenetik, Besinler, Beslenme, Hastalık

Nutrition and Epigenetic

Epigenetics is defined as the mitotically heritable studies on potentially reversible, molecular modifications of DNA and chromatin without any alteration in DNA sequence. Many types of epigenetic processes have been identified such as methylation, chromatin modification, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and sumolyation. However, DNA methylation and chromatin modification are the best known epigenetic processes. Chromatin is the a complex of proteins and DNA (histones) in the nucleus. The complex can be modified by substances such as acetyl groups, enzymes and some RNA forms like microRNAs and small interfering RNAs. This modification alters chromatin structure to influence gene expression. Epigenetic modifications provide a potential link between the nutrition during critical periods in development and changes in gene expression that may cause disease. It is recognized that epigenetic marks provide a mechanistic link among environment, nutrition and disease. Nutrients and bioactive food components can ifluence epigenetic phenomena either directly by inhibiting enzymes that catalyze DNA metylation, histone modifications, or by altering the necessary substrates availability for enzymatic reactions. For example, folate from green leafy vegetables, cinnamic acids from coffee, grain cereals, plums and kiwifruit, polyphenols like epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, sulforaphane and isothiocyanates, lignans from green tea, red grapes and their products, cruciferous vegetables, linseed, respectively, selenium and vitamin are considered as epigenetic nutritions. The aim of the review have shown that the link between nutrition in epigenetic changes.

Keywords:

Epigenetic, Nutrition, Diet, Diseases,

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