12034

Gelişmiş Ekstraksiyon Teknikleri I

Son yıllarda, çevresel kirleticilerin bir sağlık riski olduğuna dair toplum bilinci artmıştır. Hava, su ve toprak, tortu, gıda gibi katı örneklerde bulunan toksik kirleticilerin tayin edilmesine duyulan ihtiyaç neticesinde çevresel araştırma ve izlemeye olan ilgi artmıştır. Yüksek seçicilikte ayırmalar ve kantitasyon için duyarlı enstrümantasyona rağmen “seyrelt ve enjekte et” yaklaşımı, çevresel tayinlerle bağdaşmaz. Örnek matrikslerinden eser düzeydeki analitlerin zenginleştirilmesi ve izole edilmesi için bir ekstraksiyon basamağı gereklidir. Klasik ekstraksiyon uygulamaları büyük miktarlarda solvent tüketir. Böylece kendi çevresel ve mesleki tehlikelerini yaratırlar ve genellikle çok düşük seçicilik sağlarlar. Örneğin, farklı matrikslerde yarı-uçucu bileşikleri, katı örnekler için Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu, sulu matriksler için sıvı-sıvı ekstraksiyonu gibi geleneksel yaklaşımlar kullanılarak analiz edildiğinde, toksik kimyasal yönetimi ve imhası gereklidir. Basınçlı sıvı ekstraksiyonu PFE , katı-faz mikroekstraksiyon SPME , mikrodalga-destekli sıvı ekstraksiyonu MAE , süperkritik sıvı ekstraksiyonu SFE gibi yeni teknolojilerin gelişimi solvent kullanımını azaltmıştır. Bu yeni tekniklere artan bir talep olmuştur, çünkü bu teknikler otomasyona uygundur, çok daha hızlıdır ve çevre dostu tekniklerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu, basınçlı sıvı ekstraksiyonu, mikrodalga-destekli sıvı ekstraksiyon, sonikasyon-destekli sıvı ekstraksiyonu, süperkritik sıvı ekstraksiyonu, çevre analizi

Advanced Extraction Techniques I

In the past several decades, public awareness has increased that environmental contaminants are a health risk. As a result of a requirement for determination of toxic contaminants in air, water, and solids including soil, sediment and food samples , the interest in environmental research and monitoring has increased. Although highly selective separation and sensitive instrumentation for quantification, the approach of “dilute and shoot” of is not compatible with environmental determinations. An extraction step is necessary for isolation and enrichment trace level analytes from sample matrixes. Classical extraction procedures consume large amounts of solvents, thus they create their environmental and occupational hazards, and often provide very little selectivity. For example, when semivolatile compounds in different matrixes are analyzed by using conventional approaches such as Soxhlet extraction for solid samples, liquid-liquid extraction for aqueous matrixes, toxic chemical management and disposal are required. The development of new technologies, such as pressurized liquid extraction PLE , solid-phase microextraction SPME , microwave-assisted extraction MAE and supercritical fluid extraction SFE reduced solvent use. There has been an increasing demand for new techiques, because they are appropriate automation, a lot faster and are environmentally friendly techniques.

Keywords:

Soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, micro-wave-assisted extraction, sonication-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, environmental analysis,

PDF

___

Wan, H.B., Wong, M.K.: Minimization of solvent consumption in pesticide residue anal- ysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 754(1-2), 43 (1996)
Eskilsson, C.S., Bjorklund, E.: Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 902(1), 227 (2000)
Pawliszyn, J.: Sample preparation: Quo Vadis? Analytical Chemistry, 75(11), 2543 (2003)
R. Kellner, M.M., M.Otto, M.Valcarcel, H.M. Widmer, Sample Preparation, in Analytical Chemistry: Modern Approach to Analytical Science. 2004, Wiley: Weinheim. p. 506-508.
Luque-Garcia, J.L., de Castro, M.D.L.: Focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction: devices and applications. Talanta, 64(3), 571 (2004)
de Castro, M.D.L., Priego-Capote, F.: Soxhlet extraction: Past and present panacea. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(16), 2383 (2010)
de Castro, M.D.L., Garcia-Ayuso, L.E.: Soxhlet extraction of solid materials: an out- dated technique with a promising innovative future. Analytica Chimica Acta, 369(1-2), 1 (1998)
Falandysz, J., Wyrzykowska, B., Warzocha, J., Barska, I., Garbacik-Wesolowska, A., Szefer, P.: Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in perch Perca fluviatilis from the Odra/ Oder river estuary, Baltic Sea. Food Chemistry, 87(1), 17 (2004)
Diagne, R.G., Foster, G.D., Khan, S.U.: Comparison of Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extractions for the determination of fenitrothion residues in beans. Journal of Agricul- tural and Food Chemistry, 50(11), 3204 (2002)
Richter, B.E., Jones, B.A., Ezzell, J.L., Porter, N.L., Avdalovic, N., Pohl, C.: Accelerated solvent extraction: A technique for sample preparation. Analytical Chemistry, 68(6), 1033 (1996)
Mockel, H.J., Welter, G., Melzer, H.: Correlation between Reversed-Phase Retention and Solute Molecular-Surface Type and Area .1. Theoretical Outlines and Retention of Vari- ous Hydrocarbon Classes. Journal of Chromatography, 388(2), 255 (1987)
Moreno, E., Reza, J., Trejo, A.: Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil using water under subcritical conditions. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 27(4), 239 (2007)
Lundstedt, S., van Bavel, B., Haglund, P., Tysklind, M., Oberg, L.: Pressurised liquid extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soils. Journal of Chromatography A, 883(1-2), 151 (2000)
Rostagno, M.A., Villares, A., Guillamon, E., Garcia-Lafuente, A., Martinez, J.A.: Sample preparation for the analysis of isoflavones from soybeans and soy foods. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216(1), 2 (2009)
R. Kellner, M.M., M.Otto, M.Valcarcel, H.M. Widmer, Sample Preparation, in Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, xyz, Editor. 2004, Wiley: Wein- heim.
Bjorklund, E., Bowadt, S., Nilsson, T., Mathiasson, L.: Pressurized fluid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls in solid environmental samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 836(2), 285 (1999)
Camel, V.: Recent extraction techniques for solid matrices-supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction: their potential and pit- falls. Analyst, 126(7), 1182 (2001)
Wenzel, K.D., Hubert, A., Manz, M., Weissflog, L., Engewald, W., Schuurmann, G.: Accelerated solvent extraction of semivolatile organic compounds from biomonitoring samples of pine needles and mosses. Analytical Chemistry, 70(22), 4827 (1998)
Arnold, C.G., Berg, M., Muller, S.R., Dommann, U., Schwarzenbach, R.P.: Determina- tion of organotin compounds in water, sediments, and sewage sludge using perdeu- terated internal standards, accelerated solvent extraction, and large-volume-injection GC/MS. Analytical Chemistry, 70(14), 3094 (1998)
Schantz, M.M., Nichols, J.J., Wise, S.A.: Evaluation of pressurized fluid extraction for the extraction of environmental matrix reference materials. Analytical Chemistry, 69(20), 4210 (1997)
Heemken, O.P., Theobald, N., Wenclawiak, B.W.: Comparison of ASE and SFE with Soxhlet, sonication, and methanolic saponification extractions for the determination of organic micropollutants in marine particulate matter. Analytical Chemistry, 69(11), 2171 (1997)
Saim, N., Dean, J.R., Abdullah, M.P., Zakaria, Z.: An experimental design approach for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from highly contaminated soil using accelerated solvent extraction. Analytical Chemistry, 70(2), 420 (1998)
Vandenburg, H.J., Clifford, A.A., Bartle, K.D., Zhu, S.A., Carroll, J., Newton, I.D., Gar- den, L.M.: Factors affecting high-pressure solvent extraction (accelerated solvent ex- traction) of additives from polymers. Analytical Chemistry, 70(9), 1943 (1998)
Bjorklund, E., Nilsson, T., Bowadt, S.: Pressurised liquid extraction of persistent or- ganic pollutants in environmental analysis. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 19(7), 434 (2000)
Mustafa, A., Turner, C.: Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 703(1), 8 (2011)
Smith, R.M.: Extractions with superheated water. Journal of Chromatography A, 975(1), 31 (2002)
Ong, E.S., Cheong, J.S.H., Goh, D.: Pressurized hot water extraction of bioactive or marker compounds in botanicals and medicinal plant materials. Journal of Chroma- tography A, 1112(1-2), 92 (2006)
Cam, M., Hisil, Y.: Pressurised water extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels. Food Chemistry, 123(3), 878 (2010)
Ferrera, Z.S., Sanz, C.P., Santana, C.M., Rodriguez, J.J.S.: The use of micellar sys- tems in the extraction and pre-concentration of organic pollutants in environmental samples. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(7), 469 (2004)
Choi, M.P.K., Chan, K.K.C., Leung, H.W., Huie, C.W.: Pressurized liquid extraction of active ingredients (ginsenosides) from medicinal plants using non-ionic surfactant so- lutions. Journal of Chromatography A, 983(1-2), 153 (2003)
Luthria, D.L., Biswas, R., Natarajan, S.: Comparison of extraction solvents and tech- niques used for the assay of isoflavones from soybean. Food Chemistry, 105(1), 325 (2007)
Zhu, Y., Yanagihara, K., Guo, F.M., Li, Q.X.: Pressurized fluid extraction for quantita- tive recovery of chloroacetanilide and nitrogen heterocyclic herbicides in soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(9), 4097 (2000)
Richter, B.E., Covino, L.: New environmental applications of accelerated solvent extrac- tion. Lc Gc North America, 18(10), 1068 (2000)
Bernal, J.L., Delnozal, M.J., Jimenez, J.J.: Use of a High-Pressure Soxhlet Extractor for the Determination of Organochlorine Residues by Gas-Chromatography. Chromato- graphia, 34(9-10), 468 (1992)
Lopez-Avila, V.: Sample preparation for environmental analysis. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 29(3), 195 (1999)
Blanco, E.V., Mahia, P.L., Lorenzo, S.M., Rodriguez, D.P., Fernandez, E.F.: Optimi- zation of microwave-assisted extraction of hydrocarbons in marine sediments: com- parison with the Soxhlet extraction method. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 366(3), 283 (2000)
Camel, V.: Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of environmental samples. Trac- Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 19(4), 229 (2000)
Renoe, B.W.: Microwave-Assisted Extraction. American Laboratory, 26(12), 34 (1994)
Saim, N., Dean, J.R., Abdullah, M.P., Zakaria, Z.: Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil using Soxhlet extraction, pressurised and atmo- spheric microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and accelerated solvent extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 791(1-2), 361 (1997)
Letellier, M., Budzinski, H.: Microwave assisted extraction of organic compounds. Analusis, 27(3), 259 (1999)
Thompson, S., Budzinski, H., LeMenach, K., Letellier, M., Garrigues, P.: Multi-residue analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in marine sediments. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 372(1), 196 (2002)
LopezAvila, V., Benedicto, J.: Microwave-assisted extraction combined with gas chro- matography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 15(8), 334 (1996)
Bouaid, A., Martin-Esteban, A., Fernandez, P., Camara, C.: Microwave-assisted extrac- tion method for the determination of atrazine and four organophosphorus pesticides in oranges by gas chromatography (GC). Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 367(3), 291 (2000)
Papadakis, E.N., Vryzas, Z., Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, E.: Rapid method for the deter- mination of 16 organochlorine pesticides in sesame seeds by microwave-assisted ex- traction and analysis of extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1127(1-2), 6 (2006)
Franke, M., Winek, C.L., Kingston, H.M.: Extraction of selected drugs from serum us- ing microwave irradiation. Forensic Science International, 81(1), 51 (1996)
Desrosiers, N.A., Betit, C.C., Watterson, J.H.: Microwave-assisted extraction in toxico- logical screening of skeletal tissues. Forensic Science International, 188(1-3), 23 (2009)
Kiss, G.A.C., Forgacs, E., Cserhati, T., Mota, T., Morais, H., Ramos, A.: Optimisation of the microwave-assisted extraction of pigments from paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) powders. Journal of Chromatography A, 889(1-2), 41 (2000)
Prados-Rosales, R.C., Garcia, J.L.L., de Castro, M.D.L.: Rapid analytical method for the determination of pesticide residues in sunflower seeds based on focused microwave- assisted Soxhlet extraction prior to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 993(1-2), 121 (2003)
Priego-Capote, F., Luque-Garcia, U., de Castro, M.D.L.: Automated fast extraction of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil by focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction prior to gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 994(1-2), 159 (2003)
Capelo, J.L., Mota, A.M.: Ultrasonication for analytical chemistry. Current Analytical Chemistry, 1(2), 193 (2005)
Tadeo, J.L., Sanchez-Brunete, C., Albero, B., Garcia-Valcarcel, A.I.: Application of ul- trasound-assisted extraction to the determination of contaminants in food and soil samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(16), 2415 (2010)
Santos, H.M., Capelo, J.L.: Trends in ultrasonic-based equipment for analytical sample treatment. Talanta, 73(5), 795 (2007)
Huertas-Perez, J.F., Iruela, M.D., Garcia-Campana, A.M., Gonzalez-Casado, A., San- chez-Navarro, A.: Determination of the herbicide metribuzin and its major conversion products in soil by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Journal of Chromatogra- phy A, 1102(1-2), 280 (2006)
Lesueur, C., Gartner, M., Mentler, A., Fuerhacker, M.: Comparison of four extraction methods for the analysis of 24 pesticides in soil samples with gas chromatography- mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry. Talanta, 75(1), 284 (2008)
Domeno, C., Blasco, M., Sanchez, C., Nerin, C.: A fast extraction technique for extract- ing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from lichens samples used as biomonitors of air pollution: Dynamic sonication versus other methods. Analytica Chimica Acta, 569(1-2), 103 (2006)
Hyotylainen, T., Riekkola, M.L.: Potential of effective extraction techniques and new analytical systems for profiling the marine environment. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 26(8), 788 (2007)
Erbay, Z., Icier, F.: The Importance and Potential Uses of Olive Leaves. Food Reviews International, 26(4), 319 (2010)
Sanchez-Brunete, C., Perez, R.A., Miguel, E., Tadeo, J.L.: Multiresidue herbicide analy- sis in soil samples by means of extraction in small columns and gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatogra- phy A, 823(1-2), 17 (1998)
Sanchez-Brunete, C., Rodriguez, A., Tadeo, J.L.: Multiresidue analysis of carbamate pesticides in soil by sonication-assisted extraction in small columns and liquid chro- matography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1007(1-2), 85 (2003)
Sanchez-Brunete, C., Albero, B., Tadeo, J.L.: Multiresidue determination of pesticides in soil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(6), 1445 (2004)
Kayali-Sayadi, M.N., Rubio-Barroso, S., Diaz-Diaz, C.A., Polo-Diez, L.M.: Rapid deter- mination of PAHs in soil samples by HPLC with fluorimetric detection following sonica- tion extraction. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 368(7), 697 (2000)
Sanchez-Brunete, C., Miguel, E., Tadeo, J.L.: Rapid method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils by sonication-assisted extrac- tion in small columns. Journal of Separation Science, 29(14), 2166 (2006)
Martinez, E., Gros, M., Lacorte, S., Barcelo, D.: Simplified procedures for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediments and mussels. Journal of Chro- matography A, 1047(2), 181 (2004)
Oleszczuk, P., Baran, S.: Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge-amended soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36(9-10), 1083 (2005)
Rodriguez-Sanmartin, P., Moreda-Pineiro, A., Bermejo-Barrera, A., Bermejo-Barrera, P.: Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from mussels followed by spectrofluorimetric determination. Talanta, 66(3), 683 (2005)
Zhou, J.H., Xue, X.F., Li, Y., Zhang, J.Z., Chen, F., Wu, L.M., Chen, L.Z., Zhao, J.: Multiresidue determination of tetracycline antibiotics in propolis by using HPLC-UV detection with ultrasonic-assisted extraction and two-step solid phase extraction. Food Chemistry, 115(3), 1074 (2009)
Nania, V., Pellegrini, G.E., Fabrizi, L., Sesta, G., De Sanctis, P., Lucchetti, D., Di Pasquale, M., Coni, E.: Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in edible fish from the Mediterranean Sea. Food Chemistry, 115(3), 951 (2009)
Collasiol, A., Pozebon, D., Maia, S.M.: Ultrasound assisted mercury extraction from soil and sediment. Analytica Chimica Acta, 518(1-2), 157 (2004)
Blackwell, P.A., Lutzhoft, H.C.H., Ma, H.P., Halling-Sorensen, B., Boxall, A.B.A., Kay, P.: Ultrasonic extraction of veterinary antibiotics from soils and pig slurry with SPE clean-up and LC-UV and fluorescence detection. Talanta, 64(4), 1058 (2004)
de Alda, M.J.L., Gil, A., Paz, E., Barcelo, D.: Occurrence and analysis of estrogens and progestogens in river sediments by liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spec- trometry. Analyst, 127(10), 1299 (2002)
Turiel, E., Martin-Esteban, A., Tadeo, J.L.: Molecular imprinting-based separation methods for selective analysis of fluoroquinolones in soils. Journal of Chromatography A, 1172(2), 97 (2007)
Xu, J., Wu, L.S., Chen, W.P., Chang, A.C.: Simultaneous determination of pharmaceu- ticals, endocrine disrupting compounds and hormone in soils by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1202(2), 189 (2008)
Zougagh, M., Valcarcel, M., Rios, A.: Supercritical fluid extraction: a critical review of its analytical usefulness. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(5), 399 (2004)
Mira, B., Blasco, M., Berna, A., Subirats, S.: Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from orange peel. Effect of operation conditions on the extract composition. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 14(2), 95 (1999)
Stashenko, E.E., Puertas, M.A., Combariza, M.Y.: Volatile secondary metabolites from Spilanthes americana obtained by simultaneous steam distillation solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 752(1-2), 223 (1996)
Reindl, S., Hofler, F.: Optimization of the Parameters in Supercritical-Fluid Extrac- tion of Polynuclear Aromatic-Hydrocarbons from Soil Samples. Analytical Chemistry, 66(11), 1808 (1994)
Lee, H.B., Peart, T.E., Hongyou, R.L., Gere, D.R.: Supercritical Carbon-Dioxide Extrac- tion of Polycyclic Aromatic-Hydrocarbons from Sediments. Journal of Chromatography A, 653(1), 83 (1993)
Schantz, M.M., Bowadt, S., Benner, B.A., Wise, S.A., Hawthorne, S.B.: Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and Soxhlet extraction for the determination of polychlo- rinated biphenyls in environmental matrix standard reference materials. Journal of Chromatography A, 816(2), 213 (1998)
Eisenmenger, M., Dunford, N.T.: Bioactive components of commercial and supercritical carbon dioxide processed wheat germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Soci- ety, 85(1), 55 (2008)
de Azevedo, A.B.A., Kieckbush, T.G., Tashima, A.K., Mohamed, R.S., Mazzafera, P., de Melo, S.A.B.V.: Extraction of green coffee oil using supercritical carbon dioxide. Jour- nal of Supercritical Fluids, 44(2), 186 (2008)
Davarnejad, R., Kassim, K.M., Zainal, A., Sata, S.A.: Supercritical fluid extraction of beta-carotene from crude palm oil using CO(2). Journal of Food Engineering, 89(4), 472 (2008)
Kim, W.J., Kim, J.D., Kim, J., Oh, S.G., Lee, Y.W.: Selective caffeine removal from green tea using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Journal of Food Engineering, 89(3), 303 (2008)
Mitra, P., Ramaswamy, H.S., Chang, K.S.: Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed oil ex- traction using supercritical carbon dioxide and physicochemical properties of the oil. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(1), 208 (2009)
Shi, J., Yi, C., Ye, X.Q., Xue, S., Jiang, Y.M., Ma, Y., Liu, D.H.: Effects of supercritical CO(2) fluid parameters on chemical composition and yield of carotenoids extracted from pumpkin. Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 43(1), 39 (2010)
Yu, J., Liu, Y.F., Qiu, A.Y., Wang, X.G.: Preparation of isoflavones enriched soy protein isolate from defatted soy hypocotyls by supercritical CO2. Lwt-Food Science and Tech- nology, 40(5), 800 (2007)
Bernal, J.L., Nozal, M.J., Toribio, L., Diego, C., Mayo, R., Maestre, R.: Use of supercriti- cal fluid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to obtain amino acid profiles from several genetically modified varieties of maize and soybean. Journal of Chromatography A, 1192(2), 266 (2008)
Vagi, E., Simandi, B., Vasarhelyine, K.P., Daood, H., Kery, A., Doleschall, F., Nagy, B.: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carotenoids, tocopherols and sitosterols from industrial tomato by-products. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 40(2), 218 (2007)
Abbasi, H., Rezaei, K., Emamdjomeh, Z., Mousavi, S.M.E.: Effect of various extraction conditions on the phenolic contents of pomegranate seed oil. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 110(5), 435 (2008)
Braga, M.E.M., Santos, R.M.S., Seabra, I.J., Facanali, R., Marques, M.O.M., de Sousa, H.C.: Fractioned SFE of antioxidants from maritime pine bark. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 47(1), 37 (2008)
Icen, H., Guru, M.: Extraction of caffeine from tea stalk and fiber wastes using super- critical carbon dioxide. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 50(3), 225 (2009)
Hamdan, S., Daood, H.G., Toth-Markus, M., Illes, V.: Extraction of cardamom oil by supercritical carbon dioxide and sub-critical propane. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 44(1), 25 (2008)
Yang, Z.N., Luo, S.Q., Peng, Q.C., Zhao, C., Yu, Z.W.: GC-MS Analysis of the Essential Oil of Coral Ginger (Zingiber corallinum Hance) Rrhizome Obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Steam Distillation Extraction. Chromatographia, 69(7-8), 785 (2009)
Salimi, A., Fatemi, S., Nei, H.Z.N., Safaralie, A.: Mathematical Modeling of Supercriti- cal Extraction of Valerenic Acid from Valeriana officinalis L. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 31(10), 1470 (2008)
Machmudah, S., Kawahito, Y., Sasaki, M., Goto, M.: Supercritical CO2 extraction of rosehip seed oil: Fatty acids composition and process optimization. Journal of Super- critical Fluids, 41(3), 421 (2007)
Machmudah, S., Kawahito, Y., Sasaki, M., Goto, M.: Process optimization and extrac- tion rate analysis of carotenoids extraction from rosehip fruit using supercritical CO2. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 44(3), 308 (2008)
Miyawaki, T., Kawashima, A., Honda, K.: Development of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with a solid phase trap for dioxins in soils and sediments. Chemosphere, 70(4), 648 (2008)
Boulaid, M., Aguilera, A., Busonera, V., Camacho, F., Monterreal, A.V., Valverde, A.: Assessing supercritical fluid extraction for the analysis of fipronil, kresoxim-methyl, acrinathrin, and pyridaben residues in melon. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, 42(7), 809 (2007)
Yang, Y., Cajthaml, T., Hofmann, T.: PAH desorption from river floodplain soils using supercritical fluid extraction. Environmental Pollution, 156(3), 745 (2008)
Kawashima, A., Watanabe, S., Iwakiri, R., Honda, K.: Removal of dioxins and dioxin- like PCBs from fish oil by countercurrent supercritical CO(2) extraction and activated carbon treatment. Chemosphere, 75(6), 788 (2009)