ULUSLARARASI ORGANIZASYONLARIN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞLARINA İLIŞKİN ALTERNATİF BIR ANALİZ

Uluslararası kuruluşların ilk hallerine, 19. yüzyıldan itibaren rastlanmaya başlandığı ve tam olarak ortaya çıkışlarının ise 2. Dünya Savaşından sonra olduğu genel olarak kabul edilen bir husustur. Bu kabul, ''Neden 19. yüzyıldan önce uluslararası kuruluşlar yoktur?'' veya ''Neden 2. Dünya Savaşı uluslararası kuruluşların tarihinde önemli bir yer oynamaktadır?'' şeklinde soruları ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu sorulara egemenlik, işlem maliyeti, 2. Dünya Savaşı felaketi ve benzeri kavramlar çerçevesinde bazı cevaplar verilmektedir. Fakat, bu çalışmada, bu cevapların yeterince tutarlı, açıklayıcı ve ikna edici olmadığı ve Genel Kamu Hukuku disiplinin kavram ve kuramlarından hareketle tarihsel olguları esas alan daha tutarlı ve açıklayıcı alternatif bir analiz geliştirilebileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çerçevede, bu çalışmada ilk olarak konuya ilişkin mevcut cevaplar eleştirilerek tutarsızlıkları tespit edilecektir. Ardından, daha tutarlı ve açıklayıcı bir analiz ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. Alternatif analiz, uluslararası kuruluşları teknik ve teknik olmayan şeklinde iki gruba ayırmakta ve bunların her birinin ortaya çıkışlarının farklı nedenlere dayandığını ileri sürmektedir. Buna göre, teknik uluslararası kuruluşların ortaya çıkışı teknolojik gelişmelerin doğurduğu ihtiyaçlara dayanmakta iken, teknik olmayan uluslararası kuruluşların ortaya çıkışı Amerikan devlet anlayışı ve hegemonyaya dayanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Genel kamu hukuku, uluslararası kuruluşlar, teknik uluslararası kuruluşlar, teknik olmayan uluslararası kuruluşlar, hegemonya

AN ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

It is generally stated that the initial forms of international organizations [hereinafter IOs] can be traced back to the 19th century, and IOs actually get on the stage after the World War II [hereinafter WW II]. This statement causes to raise some questions such as ''Why there were no IOs existed before the 19th century?'' or ''Why the WW II is a landmark in the history of IOs?''. Some scholars answer these questions by listing several reasons mainly regarding to sovereignty, transaction costs, the cataclysm of WW II, and the like. However, this paper claims that these answers are not persuasive and it is possible to develop a more persuasive alternative analysis that is based on historical facts and derived from main approach of General Public Law discipline. Therefore, this paper has a two-tiered argument. First, it tries to refute the abovementioned answers. Second, it tries to establish a more persuasive alternative analysis. This alternative analysis depends on classifying IOs into two groups as technical IOs [hereinafter TIOs] and nontechnical IOs [hereinafter NTIOs], and claims that they are emerged depending on different reasons: Existence of TIOs depends on necessities of technical developments, whereas existence of NTIOs depends on the American governmental understanding, and hegemony.

Keywords:

General public law, international organizations, technical international organizations, non-technical international organizations, hegemony,

PDF

___

ABBOTT, Kenneth W. / SNIDAL, Duncan, "Why States Act through Formal International Organizations", The Journal of Conflict Resolution (Sage Publications), Year: February 1998, Volume: 42, No: 1, (p. 3-32).
ALVAREZ, Jose E., International Organizations as Law Makers, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006.
ANGHIE, Antony, "Finding the Peripheries:Sovereignty and Colonialism in Nineteenth-Century International Law", Harvard International Law Journal, Year: 1999, Volume: 40, No: 1, (p. 4-75).
ARCHER, Clive, International Organizations, Taylor & Francis e-Library, New York, 2001.
BARNETT, Michael N. / FINNEMORE, Martha, "The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations", International Organization (The MIT PressStable), Year: 1999, Volume: 53, No: 4, (p. 699-732).
BOYLE, Alysoun, "A piece of the peace: designing mediated agreements to resolve disputes effectively." ADR Bulletin (Bond University Dispute Resolution Centre), Year: 2010, Volume: 11, No: 8, (p. 170-175).
COOTER, Robert D, "Law and The Imperialism of Economics: An Introduction to the Economic Analysis of Law and a Review of the Major Books", UCLA Law Review, Year: 1982, Volume: 29, (p. 1260-1269).
DELBRÜCK, Jost, "Transnational Federalism: Problems and Prospects of Allocating Public Authority Beyond the State", Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Year: 2004, Volume: 11, No: 1, (p. 31-55).
EHRENFREUND, Norbert, The Nuremberg Legacy, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007.
FIDLER, David P., "Caught Between Traditions: The Security Council in Philosophical Conundrum", Michigan Journal of International Law, Year: 1996, Volume: 17, (p. 411-453).
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO), ILO Origins and History, 2013. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/history/lang--en/index.htm (Accessed 09.13.2022).
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU), Overview of ITU's History, 2013. http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/ITUsHistory.aspx (Accessed 09.13.2022).
KEOHANE, Robert O. / MACEDO, Stephen, / MORAVCSIK, Andrew. "Democracy-Enhancing Multilateralism", International Organization, Year: 2009, Volume: 63, (p. 1-31).
LAZEAR, Edward P. "Economic Imperialism", NBER Working Paper No. 7300. Cambridge, MA, August 1999. MATTEI, Ugo, "A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance", Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Year: 2003, Volume: 10, No. 1, (p. 383-448).
MEISLER, Stanley, United Nations: The First Fifty Years, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, 1995.
MURPHY, John F., "Book Review: International Law by Vaughan Lowe", American Journal of International Law (The American Society of International Law), Year: October, 2008, Volume: 102, No. 4, (p. 920-926).
PETITJEAN, Patrick, "Introduction, Visions and Revisions, Defining UNESCO’s Scientific Culture, 1945–1965", in Sixty Years of Science at UNESCO 1945-2005, by Brian Smith, Bruno de Padirac, Gail Archibald Jake Lamar, UNESCO Publishing, 2006, (p 29-35).
RAUSTIALA, Kal, "Institutional Proliferation and the International Legal Order", in Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art, by eds Dunoff and Pollack, Cambridge: UCLA School of Law Research Paper No. 12, 2012, (p. 293-320).
SAMORE, William. "The New International Law Of Alejandro Alvarez.", Journal of International Law, Year: 1958, Volume: 52, (p. 41-54).
SIMMONS, Beth A. / DANNER, Allison. "Credible Commitments and the International Criminal Court", International Organization, Year: Spring 2010, Volume: 64, (p. 225-256).
THE UNITED STATES NEWS, The United States and the Peace Part II Verbatim Record of the Plenary Sessions of The United Nations Conference on International Organization, 1945, San Francisco.
THOMPSON, Alexander / SNIDAL, Duncan. "International Organization", in Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, by B. Bouckaert & G. DeGeest, 2009, (p. 692-722).
UNITED NATIONS (UN), Final Plenary Session, The United Naions Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, June 26, 1945, Vol. 1, (p. 656-685) https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1300969 (Accessed 09.13.2022).
UNITED NATIONS (UN), UN History Home, 2022. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-un (Accessed 09.13.2022).
UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMANT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS (UN DESA), Contribution of the United Nations to the Improvement of Public Administration, New York, 2008.
WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel, "U.S. Weakness and the Struggle for Hegemony." Monthly Review, Year: 2003, Volume : 55, No: 3. https://monthlyreview.org/2003/07/01/u-s-weakness-and-the-struggle-for-hegemony/ (Accessed 09.13.2022)