___

• 1. Molnar D, Taitz LS, Urwin OM, Wales JK. Anorectal manometry results in defecation disorders. Arch Dis Child 1983; 58:257-61.
• 2. Roy CC, Silverman A, Allagille D. Constipation, fecal incontinence, and proctologic conditions. In: Roy CC, Silverman A Allagille D (eds). Pediatric Clinical Gastroenterology. St Louis. Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1995:494-521.
• 3. Bacer SS, Liptak GS, Coletti RB et al. Constipation in infants and children: evaluation and treatment. A medical statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;29(5):612-26.
• 4. Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA. Pathophysiology of pediatric fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2004 Jan;126(1 Suppl 2):S33-40.
• 5. Sökücü S. Çocuklarda kabızlık, enkopresis. III.Ulusal Pediatrik Gastroenteroloji ve Beslenme Kongresi. Özet kitabı, konferans 3, 6-8 May›s 1998, Ankara.
• 6. Steffen R, Loening-Baocke V. Constipation and Encopresis. In: Wyllie R, Hyams JS (eds): Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, 2nd edition. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company; 1999; 43-50.
• 7. Yağcı RV. Çocukluk çağında konstipasyon. XXXVIII. Türk Pediatri Kongresi. Özet kitab›, s:203-8, 10-14 Haziran 2002, istanbul.
• 8. Benninga MA, Voskuijl WP, Akkerhuis GW, Taminiau JA, Buller HA. Colonic transit times and behaviour profiles in children with defecation disorders. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Jan;89(1):13-6.
• 9. Di Lorenzo C. Pediatric Anorectal Disorders. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001; 30(1):269-87.
• 10. Bianch C, Cataldo F et al. Bowel frequency in healthy children. Acta Pediatr Scand1987; 78:682-4.
• 11. Hyams JS, Treem WR, Etienne NL, et al. Effect of infant formula on stool characteristics of young infants. Pediatrics 1995; 95:50-4.
• 12. Weaver LT, Steiner H. The bowel habits of young children. Arch Dis Child 1983; 59:649-52.
• 13. Loening-Baucke V. Encopresis and soiling. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996;43:279-89.
• 14. Levine MD. Encopresis: Its potentiation, evaluation and alleviation. Pediatr Clin North Am 1982;29:315.
• 15. Loening-Baucke V. Factors determining outcome in children with chronic constipation and fecal soiling. Gut 1989; 30:999.
• 16. Aydoğdu S, Selimoğlu MA, Ünal F, Alım HÇ, Yağcı RV. Çocukluk yaş grubunda konstipasyon ve yönetimi. XXXV. Ulusal Pediatri Kongresi. 19-23 Mayıs 1999, Ankara. P-126.
• 17. Reding R, de Ville de Goyet J, Gosseye S, et al. Hirschsprung's disease: A 20 year experience. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32:1221-5.
• 18. Russell MB, Russell CA, Niebuhr E. An epidemiological study of Hirschsprung's disease and additional anomalies. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83:68-71.
• 19. Clark DA. Times of first void and first stool in 500 newborns. Pediatrics 1977; 60:457-9.
• 20. Klein MD, Phillippart AL. Hirschsprung's disease: Three decades experience at a single institution. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28:1291-4.
• 21. Swenson O, Sherman JO, Fisher JH. Diagnosis of congeni tal megacolon: An analysis of 501 patients. J Pediatr Surg 1973; 8:587-94.
• 22. Rosemberg AJ, Vela AR. A new simplified technique for pediatric anorectal manometry. Pediatrics 1983; 71:240-5.
• 23. Taxman TL, Yulish BS, Rothstein FC. How useful is the barium enema in the diagnosis of infantile Hirschsprung's disease? AJDC Am J Dis Child 1986; 140:881-4.
• 24. Partin JC, Hamill SK, Fischel JE, Partin JS. Painful defecation and fecal soiling in children. Pediatrics 1992; 89:1007- 9.
• 25. Hyman PE, Fleisher D. Functional fecal retention. Pract Gastroenterol 1992; 31:29-37.
• 26. Rockney, RM, McQuade WH, Days AL. The plain abdominal roentgenogram in the management of encopresis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 149:623-7.
• 27. Papadopoulou A, Clayden GS, Booth IW. The clinical value of solid marker transit studies in childhood constipation and soiling. Eur J Pediatr 1994;153:560-4.
• 28. Tolia V, Lin CH, Elitsur Y. A prospective randomized study with mineral oil and oral lavage solution for treatment of faecal impaction in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7:523-9.
• 29. Gleghorn EE, Heyman MB, Rudolph CD. No-enema therapy for idiopathic constipation and encopresis. Clin Pediatrics 1991; 30:667-72.
• 30. Ingebo KB, Heyman MB. Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution for intestinal clearance in children with refractory encopresis: A safe and effective therapeutic program. AJDC Am J Dis Child 1988; 142:340-2.
• 31. Nurko SS, Garcia-Aranda JA, Guerrero VY, Woroma LB. Treatment of intractable constipation in children: Experience with cisapride. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 22:38-44.
• 32.Weisman LE, Merenstein GB, Digirol M, Collins J, Frank G, Hudgins C. The effect of early meconium evacuation on early-onset hyperbilirubinemia. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137:666-8.
• 33. Nolan T, Debelle G, Oberklaid F, Coffey C. Randomized trial of laxatives in treatment of childhood encopresis. Lancet 1991; 338:523-27.
• 34. Staiano A, Andreotti MR, Greco L, Basile P, Auricchio S. Long term follow up of children with chronic idiopathic constipation. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:561-4.
• 35. Murray RD, Li UK, McClung HJ, Heitlinger L, Rehm D. Cisapride for intractable constipation in children: Observation from an open trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990; 11:503-8.
• 36. Loening-Baucke VA, Younoszai MK. Effect of treatment on rectal and sigmoid motility in chronically constipated children. Pediatrics 1984; 73:199-205.
• 37. Loening-Baucke V. Modulation of abnormal defecation dynamics by biofeedback treatment in chronically constipated children with encopresis. J Pediatr 1990; 116:214-22.
• 38. Rappaport LA, Levine MD. The prevention of constipation and encopresis: A developmental model and approach. Pediatr Clin North Am 1986; 33:859-69.
• 39. Lowery SP, Srour JW, Whitehead WE, Schuster NM. Habit training as treatment of encopresis secondary to chronic constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1985; 4:397-401.
• 40.Howe AC, Walker CE. Behavioral management of toilet training, enuresis and encopresis. Pediatr Clin North Am 1992; 39:413-32.