Hücre Siklüsü ve Apoptoz

Apoptoz ya da programlanmış hücre ölümü, tipik olarak belirgin morfolojik özellikleri olan, enerji bağımlı kendine ait biyokimyasal mekanizmalar ile karakterize bir olaydır. Apoptoz, normal hücre yenilenmesi, organizmanın gelişimi ve bağışıklık sisteminin işleyişi, embriyo gelişimi ve kimyasal kaynaklı hücre ölümü de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli süreçlerin önemli bir bileşeni olarak kabul edilir. Uygunsuz apoptoz, yani -apoptozun aşırı ya da gereğinden az oluşu- nörodejeneratif hastalıklar, iskemik hasar, otoimmün hastalıklar ve kanser türlerinin çoğu dahil olmak üzere birçok hastalığın oluşumunda rol oynayan bir faktördür. Bu nedenle hücre siklüsü ve apoptozun kontrolü ile ilgili sinyal yollarının araştırılması devam etmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, mevcut hücre siklüsü hakkında bilgi sağlamak, konunun morfolojisine, biyokimyasına bir göz atmak, apoptozun fizyolojik olaylar ve  bazı hastalıklardaki rolüne genel bir bakış sağlamaktır.

___

  • Sherr CJ. The Pezcoller lecture: cancer cell cycles revisited. Cancer Res 2000; 60(14): 3689-95.
  • Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tisuue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26: 239-57.
  • Vaux DL, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death in development. Cell 1999; 96: 245-254.
  • Fadeel B, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B. Apoptosis in human disease: a new skin for the old ceremony? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 266(3): 699-717.
  • Saikumar P, Dong Z, Mikhailov V, Denton M, Weinberg JM, Venkatachalam MA. Apoptosis: definition, mechanisms, and relevance to disease. Am J Med 1999; 107(5): 489-506.
  • Edinger AL, Thompson CB. Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004; 16(6): 663-9.
  • Cross F, Roberts J, Weintraub H. Simple and complex cell cycles. Ann Rev Cell Biol 1989; 5: 341-96.
  • Raff MC. Size control: the regulation of cell numbers in animal development. Cell 1996; 86(2): 173-5.
  • Vermeulen K, Berneman ZN, Van Bockstaele DR. Cell cycle and apoptosis. Cell Prolif 2003; 36(3): 165-75.
  • Yuan J, Yankner BA. Apoptosis in the nervous system. Nature 2000; 407(6805): 802-9.
  • Giacinti C, Giordano A. RB and cell cycle progression. Oncogene 2006; 25(38): 5220-7.
  • Flatt PM, Pietenpol JA. Mechanisms of cell-cycle checkpoints: at the crossroads of carcinogenesis and drug discovery. Drug Metab Rev 2000; 32(3-4): 283-305.
  • Senderowicz AM, Sausville EA. Preclinical and clinical development of cyclin-dependent kinase modulators. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92(5): 376-87.
  • Foster I. Cancer: A cell cycle defect. Radiography 2008; 14: 144-9.
  • Bennett DC. Genetics of melanoma progression: the rise and fall of cell senescence. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 29: 122-140.
  • King KL, Cidlowski JA. Cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Ann Rev Physiol 1998; 60: 601-17.
  • Alles A, Alley K, Barrett JC, et al. Apoptosis: a general comment. FASEB J. 1991; 5(8): 2127-8.
  • Kaufmann SH, Hengartner MO. Programmed cell death: alive and well in the new millennium. Trends Cell Biol. 2001; 11(12): 526-34.
  • Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 2000; 407: 770-6.
  • Adams JM, Cory S. Life or death decisions by the Bcl-2 family. Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26(1): 61-6.
  • Adrain C, Martin SJ. The mitochondrial apoptosome: a killer unleashed by the cytochrome seas. Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26(6): 390-7.
  • Spierings DC, de Vries EG, Vellenga E, et al. Tissue distribution of the death ligand TRAIL and its receptors. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004; 52(6): 821-31.
  • Cory S, Adams JM. The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 647-56.
  • Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death: critical control points. Cell 2004; 116: 205-219.
  • Baines CP. Role of the mitochondrion in programmed necrosis. Front Physiol 2010; 1: 156.
  • Portt L, Norman G, Clapp C, Greenwood M, Greenwood MT. Anti-apoptosis and cell survival. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1813(1): 238-259.
  • Tsujimoto Y. Role of Bcl-2 family of proteins in apoptosis, apoptosomes or mitochondria. Genes Cell 1998; 3: 697-707
  • Taneja N, Tjalkens R, Philbert MA, Rehemtulla A. Irradiation of mitochondria initiates apoptosis in a cell free system. Oncogene 2001; 20(2): 167-177.
  • Adrain C, Martin SJ. The mitochondrial apoptosome: a killer unleashed by the cytochrome seas. Trends Biochem Sci. 2001; 26(6): 390-7.
  • Curtin JF, Cotter TG. Live and let die: regulatory mechanism in Fas mediated apoptosis. Cell Signal 2003; 15: 983-92.
  • Elmore S. Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 2007 ; 35(4): 495–516.
  • Golias C, Charalabopoulos A, Charalabopoulos K. Cell proliferation and cell cycle control: a mini review. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 1134-41.
  • Raff Mc. Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 1992; 356: 397-400.
  • Mognol GP, Carneiro FRG, Robbs BK, Faget DV, Viola JPB. Cell cycle and apoptosis regulation by NFAT transcription factors: new roles for an old player. Cell Death and Disease 2016; 7: e2199
  • Holdenrieder S, Stieber P. Circulating apoptotic markers in the management of non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2010; 6(3-4): 197-210.