Girişimcilik ve Bölgesel Ekonomik Kalkınma Arasındaki İlişkide Yeniliğin Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi

Amaç: Bu çalışma, girişimcilik ve ekonomik kalkınma düzeyi arasındaki ilişkide yeniliğin nasıl bir aracı rol oynadığını ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Yöntem: Çalışma, Türkiye’deki 26 İBBS Düzey 2 bölge verilerini ve aracılık analizi tekniğini kullanarak, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi dört dönem için incelemiştir: 1995, 2000, 2005 ve 2010. Bulgular: Literatürdeki temel tartışmaları ve ana hipotezi destekleyen sonuçlar, girişimcilik ve yenilik arasındaki etkileşimin, bölgesel ekonomik kalkınma düzeyi üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç ve Öneriler: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları yeterli kanıt sağlayarak, girişimciliğin, yenilik yoluyla Türkiye’nin İBBS Düzey-2 bölgelerinin ekonomik kalkınma düzeyleri üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Özgün Değer: Ampirik kanıtlar sağlayarak, bu çalışma, girişimcilik ve yenilik arasındaki etkileşimin, Türkiye’deki bölgelerin ekonomik kalkınma düzeyinin belirlenmesinde kritik bir rol oynadığını göstermiştir.

Investigating the Mediating Role of Innovation between Entrepreneurship and Regional Economic Development

Purpose: This study aims to show how innovation plays as a mediator in the link between entrepreneurship and economic development level. Methodology: Using data of 26 NUTS II regions of Turkey and mediation analysis technique, the study has examined the associations among the variables for four periods: 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. Findings: The results, supporting the mainstream arguments in the literature and the main hypothesis, illustrate that the interaction between entrepreneurship and innovation has a positive and significant effect on the level of regional economic development. Practical Implications: The results of this paper provide ample evidence indicating that entrepreneurship has a crucial impact on the economic development level of NUTS-II regions of Turkey through the innovation. Originality: By providing empirical evidence, this study shows that the interaction between entrepreneurship and innovation has play a critical role in determining the level of economic development of the regions in Turkey.

___

  • Acs, Z.J., Catherine Armington (2004), “Employment Growth and Entrepreneurial Activity in Cities”, Regional Studies 38 (8), 911-927.
  • Acs, Z. J., Laszlo Szerb (2007), “Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy”, Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 109–122.
  • Acs, Z. J., David B. Audretsch, Pontus Braunerhjelm, Bo Carlson (2004), “The missing link the knowledge filter and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth”, Working paper 4783. London: Center for Economic Policy Research.
  • Acs, Z.J. (2006) “How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth?”, Innovations, 1 (1),97–107.
  • Aghion, Philippe and Peter Howitt (1997), Endogeneous Growth Theory. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
  • Audretsch, D.B., Max Keilbach (2004), “Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance”, Regional Studies, 38, 949–959.
  • Audretsch, D.B., Max Keilbach (2007), “The localisation of entrepreneurship capital: Evidence from Germany”, Papers in Regional Science 86: 351–365.
  • Audretsch, D.B., Max Keilbach (2008), “Resolving the knowledge paradox: Knowledge-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth”, Research Policy 37(10):1697- 1705.
  • Audretsch, D.B., Roy Thurik (2004), “A Model of the Entrepreneurial Economy”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 2(2): 143-166.
  • Audretsch, D.B., Roy Thurik (2001), “Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2001/2.
  • Audretsch, David B., Max Keilbach, and Erik E.Lehmann (2006), Entrepreneurship and economic growth. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Aydalot, Philippe (ed.) (1986), Milieux innovateurs en Europe, Paris: GREMI.
  • Baptista, R., Vitor Escaria, Paulo Madruga (2008), “Entrepreneurship, regional development and job creation: The case of Portugal”, Small Business Economics, 30(1), 49–58.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1990), “Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive and destructive”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), pp. 893-921.
  • Braunerhjelm, P., Zoltan J., David Audretsch, Bo Carlsson (2010), “The missing link: knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth”, Small Business Economics, 34: 105–125.
  • Camp, M. (2005), “The Innovation-Entrepreneurship NEXUS: A National Assessment of Entrepreneurship and Regional Economic Growth and Development”, Advanced Research Technologies, LLC Powell, OH.
  • Cooke, Philip and Kevin Morgan (1998), The associational economy. Firms, regions, and innovation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Drucker, P.F. (1998), “The discipline of innovation”, Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 149–157.
  • Galindo, M.A., Maria Teresa Méndez (2014), “Entrepreneurship, economic growth, and innovation: Are feedback effects at work?”, Journal of Business Research, 67: 825– 829.
  • González, J. L., Iñaki Peña-Legazkue, Ferran Vendrell-Herrero (2012), “Innovation, Entrepreneurial Activity and Competitiveness at a Sub-national Level”, Small Business Economics, 39:3, 561-574.
  • Grossman, G. M., Elhanan Helpman (1991), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge: MIT Pres.
  • Guerrero, M., Iñaki Peña-Legazkue, (2013), “Entrepreneurial activity and regional development: an introduction to this special issue”, Investigaciones Regionales, 26 – Pages 5 to 15
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013), Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press
  • Keilbach, M., Jagannadha Pawan Tamvada, David B. Audretsch (ed.) (2009), Sustaining Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth, Springer, USA
  • Kirzner, I. M. (1979). Perception, opportunity and profit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Knight, F. H. (1942), “Profit and Entrepreneurial Functions.” Journal of Economic History 2 (December): 126–132.
  • Lucas, R.E. (1988), “On the mechanics of economic development”, Journal of Monetary Economics 22, 3–42.
  • Maillat, D., B. Lecoq (1992), “New Technologies and Transformation of Regional Structures in Europe: The Role of the Milieu”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 4:1-20.
  • OECD (2017), Science, Technology and R&D Statistics (database). Science and Technology Main Indicators. [Accessed: June 2017].
  • OECD (2005), Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, Third Edition
  • Piore, M. J., Charles F. Sabel (1984), The Second Industrial Divide, Basic Books, New York.
  • Plummer, P., Mike Taylor (2001), “Theories of Local Economic Growth (part 1): Concepts Models and Measurements”, Environment and Planning A, 33, p.219-236.
  • Preacher, K. J., Andrew F. Hayes (2004), “SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models”. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731.
  • Preacher, K. J., Andrew F. Hayes (2008), “Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models”, Behavior Research Methods 2008, 40 (3), 879-891.
  • Romer, P.M. (1986), “Increasing returns and long-run growth”, Journal of Political Economy 94 (5), 1001–1037.
  • Romer, P.M. (1990), “Endogenous technological change”, Journal of Political Economy 98 (5), S71–S102.
  • Rucker, D.D., Kristopher J. Preacher, Zakary L. Tormala, Richard E. Petty (2011), “Mediation Analysis in Social Psychology: Current Practices and New Recommendations”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5/6 (2011): 359–371.
  • Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1912), Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Dunker & Humblot, Leipzig. The Theory of Economic Development. R. Opie. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
  • Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1939), Business Cycless I-II. New York: McGraw-Hill Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1942), Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper and Bros.
  • S´ ledzik, K. (2013), Schumpeter’s view on innovation and entrepreneurship (in:) Management Trends in Theory and Practice, (ed.) Stefan Hittmar, Faculty of Management Science and Informatics, University of Zilina & Institute of Management by University of Zilina
  • Solow, R.M. (1956), “A contribution to the theory of economic growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94.
  • Stam, E. (2008), “Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy”, Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 0807, Utrecht University.
  • Svensson, P. (2010), The Dynamics of Innovation and Knowledge-Based Regional Development, Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertations, No. 1356
  • Szirmai, A., Wim Naudé, Micheline Goedhuys (2011), Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development, Oxford.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Linda S. Fidell (1996), Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
  • TOBB, (2014), http://www.tobb.org.tr/BilgiErisimMudurlugu/Sayfalar/ KurulanKapananSirketistatistikleri.php [Accessed: November 2014].
  • Turkish Patent Institute (2014), http://www.turkpatent.gov.tr/dosyalar/istatistik/ [Accessed: November 2014].
  • Turkstat (2014), http://www.tuik.gov.tr/VeriTabanlari.do, [Accessed: November 2014].
  • van Hemert, P., Peter Nijkamp (2014), “Critical Success Factors for a Knowledge-Based Economy: An Empirical Study into Background Factors of Economic Dynamism (in:) Innovation, Growth and Competitiveness, (ed.) Nijkamp, P. and Iulia Siedschlag, Springer.
  • van Stel, A., Kashifa Suddle (2008), “The Impact of New Firm Formation on Regional Development in the Netherlands”, Small Business Economics, 30, 31-47.
  • van Stel, A., Martin Carree, Roy Thurik (2005), “The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth”, Small Business Economics, 24(3), 311–321.
  • Wennekers, S., Roy Thurik (1999), “Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth”, Small Business Economics, 13 (1), 27–56.
  • Wong, P.K., Yuen Ping Ho, Erkko Autio (2005), “Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data”, Small Business Economics, 24: 335–350