Endemik Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker. Ekstraktının Antifungal Aktivitesi ve Fenolik Bileşiklerinin Belirlenmesi
Türkiye’de endemik olarak yetişen Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker bitkisinden elde edilen methanol ekstraktının (Çiçek + çiçek sapı) beş farklı bitki patojenine [Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, Alternaria solani, Verticillium dahliae, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea] karşı antifungal aktivitesi ve bazı bireysel fenolik bileşikleri belirlenmiştir. M. aucheri’nin methanol ekstraktı toprak üstü aksamından elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen ekstraktın son konsantrasyonu 2.5, 5, 10 ve 20 mg/mL dozlarında agar petri yöntemi kullanılarak bitki patojenlerine karşı antifungal aktivite çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Ekstraktın patojenlere olan miselyum gelişim engellemeleri ve LD50 dozları belirlenmiştir. Kullanılan bütün dozlar ve ekstraktda önemli düzeyde antifungal etkiler gözlenmiştir. Patojenlere karşı kullanılan 10 ve 20 mg/mL dozunda %100 engellemeler gözlenmiştir. Ekstraktda en yüksek bireysel fenolik bileşik rutin (693,2 µg/g) olarak bulunmuştur. Toplam fenolik bileşik ve monomerik antosiyanin miktarlarları belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, doğal antifungal maddelerin içerdiği fenolik bileşiklerin bitki patojenlerinin kontrolünde ümitvar sonuçlar ortaya çıkaracağı belirlenmiştir.
Determination Of Antifungal Activity and Phenolic Compounds Of Endemic Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker Extract
Antifungal activity and phenolic compounds of the methanol extract (flower + peduncle) derived fromMuscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker that grows endemically in Turkey were identified against five different plantpathogens [Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, Alternaria solani, Verticillium dahliane, Rhizoctonia solani,Botrytis cinerea]. Methanol extract of M. aucheri was obtained from the aerial parts (flower + peduncle).Antifungal activity studies were performed by examining the obtained extract against plant pathogens at the finalconcentrations of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml doses using the agar plate method. Mycelial growth inhibition and LD50doses of the extract to the pathoges were determined. Significant levels of antifungal activities were observed at allthe doses used in the extracts. At the same time, 100% inhibition were observed at 10 and 20 mg/mL doses usedagainst the pathogens. Individual phenolic compound rutin (693,2 ug/g) was found in the extract at its highestlevel. Total phenolic compound and monomeric anthocyanin amounts were determined. Results from thesefindings suggest that phenolic compounds in natural antifungal agents may offer positive results in the control ofplant pathogens.
___
- Abad MJ, Bermejo P, Palomino SS, Carrasco L,
Chiriboga X (1999). Antiviral activity of some South
American medicinal plants. Phytotherapy
Research, 13(2):142-146.
- Agrios GN (1988). Plant pathology, Academic Press
Limited 24-28 oval, London NWI, 7DX, p. 803.
- Alkhail AA (2005). Antifungal activity of some extracts
against some plant pathogenic fungi. Pakistan Journal
of Biological Sciences. 8(3):413-417.
- Arslan M, Dervis S (2010). Antifungal activity of essential
oils against three vegetative compatibility groups of
Verticillium dahliae. World Journal of Microbiology
and Biotechnology. 26:1813-1821.
- Aziz NH, Farag SE, Mousa LA, Abo-Zaid MA (1998).
Comparative antibacterial and antifungal effects of
some phenolic compounds. Microbios. 93:43-54.
- Bucchini A, Ricci D, Messina F, Marcotullio MC, Curini
M, Giamperi L (2015). Antioxidant and antifungal
activity of different extracts obtained from aerial parts
of Inula crithmoides L. Natural Product Research.
29:1173-1176.
- Carling DE, Leiner RH, Westephale PC (1989).
Symptoms, signs and yield reduction associated with
Rhizoctonia disease of potato induced by tuber borne
inoculum of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3. The American
Journal of Potato Research. 6:639–697.
- Choi CW, Kim SC, Hwang SS, Choi BK, Ahn HJ, Lee
MY, Park SH, Kim SK (2002). Antioxidant activity
and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean
medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided
comparison. Plant Science. 163:1161-1168.
- Cline JC, Nelson JD, Gerzon K, Williams RH, DeLong
DC (1969). In Vitro Antiviral Activity of
Mycophenolic Acid and Its Reversal by Guanine-Type
Compounds. Applied Microbiology. 18: 14-20, 1969.
- Çakir A, Kordali S, Kilic H, Kaya E (2005). Antifungal
properties of essential oil and crude extracts of
Hypericum linarioides Bosse. Biochemical
Systematics and Ecology. 33:245-256.
- De Rodriguez DJ, Hernandez-Castillo D, RodriguezGarcia
R, Angulo-Sanchez JL (2005). Antifungal
activity in vitro of Aloe vera pulp and liquid fraction
against plant pathogenic fungi. Industrial Crops and
Products. 21:81–87.
- Deans SG, Ritchie G (1987). Antibacterial properties of
plant essential oils. International Journal of Food
Microbiology 5, 165 – 180.
- Diwan N, Fluhr R, Eshed Y, Zamir D, Tanksley SD
(1999). Mapping of Ve in tomato: a gene conferring
resistance to the broad-spectrum pathogen,
Verticillium dahliae race 1. Theoretical and Applied
Genetics. 98(2):315–319.
- Elansary HO, Yessoufou K (2016). In vitro antioxidant,
antifungal, and antibacterial activities of five
international Calibrachoa cultivars. Natural Product
Research. 30:1339–42.
- Elbadri GAA, Lee DW, Park JC, Yu HB, Choo HY, Lee
SM, Lim TH (2008). Nematocidal Screening of
essential oils and herbal extracts against
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Plant Pathology Journal.
24(2): 178-182.
- Giusti MM, Wrolstad RE (2001). Characterization and
measurement of anthocyanins by UV-visible
spectroscopy. Current protocols in food analytical
chemistry. New York: John & Wiley, Inc. P F1.2.1-
F1.2.13.
- Gökçe A, Whalon ME, Çam H, Yanar Y, Demiştaş I,
Gören N (2006). Plant extract contact toxicities to
various developmental stages of Colorado potato
beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Annals of
Applied Biology. 149:197-202.
- Grabke A, Fernández-Ortuño D, Amiri A, Li X, Peres N.
A, Smith P, Schnabel G (2014). Characterization of
iprodione resistance in Botrytis cinerea from
strawberry and blackberry. Phytopathology. 104:396-
402.
- Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV (1999). Antimicrobial
activity of essential oils and other plant extracts.
Journal of Applied Microbiology. 86:985 – 990.
- Jenkins JR, Wehner TC (1983). Occurrence of Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on greenhouse-grown
Cucumis sativus seed stocks in North Carolina. Plant
Disease. 67:1024-1025.
- Soylu EM, Kurt Ş, Soylu, S (2010). In vitro and in vivo
antifungal activities of the essential oils of various
plants against tomato grey mould disease agent
Botrytis cinerea. International Journal of Food
Microbiology. 143:183–189.
- Kepenekçi I, Sağlam HD (2015). Extracts of some
indigenous plants affecting hatching and mortality in
the root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne javanica
(Treub) Chitwood]. Egyptian Journal of Biological
Pest Control. 25(1): 39-44.
- Kordali Ş, Çakır A, Akcin TA, Mete E, Akcin A, Aydın T,
Kılıç H, (2009). Antifungal and herbicidal properties
of essential oils and n-hexane extracts of Achillea
gypsicola Hub-Mor. and Achillea biebersteinii Afan.
(Asteraceae). Industrial Crops and Products. 29:562-
570.
- Kordali Ş, Usanmaz A, Cakir A, Cavusoglu A, Ercisli S
(2013). In Vitro antifungal effect of essential oils from
Nepeta meyeri Benth. Egyptian Journal of Biological
Pest Control. 23(2):209–213.
- Mathew B (1987). The Smaller Bulbs, London: B.T.
Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-4922-8, p. 126.
- Nwosu MO, Okafor Jl (1995). Preliminary studies of the
antifungal activites of some medicinal plants against
Basidiobolus and some other pathogenic fungi.
Mycoses 38:191-195.
- Onaran A, Yılar M (2012). Antifungal activity of
Trachystemon orientalis L. aqueous extracts against
plant pathogens. Journal of Food, Agriculture and
Environment. 10:287-291.
- Özcelik B, Kartal M, Orhan I (2011). Cytotoxicity,
antiviral and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids,
flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Pharmaceutical
Biology. 49, 396–402.
- Pandey DK, Tripathi NN, Tripathi, RD, Dixit SN, (1982).
Fungitoxic and phytotoxic properties of essential oil of
Hyptis suaveolens. Z. Pflanzenk, 89, 344–349.
- Proestos C, Boziaris IS, Nychas GJE, Komaitis M, (2006).
Analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids in Greek
aromatic plants: investigation of their antioxidant
capacity and antimicrobial activity. Food Chemistry.
95:664–671.
- Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kahkonen M,
Kujala T (2000). Antimicrobial effects of Finnish
plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic
compounds. International Journal of Food
Microbiology. 56:3–12.
- Singleton VL, Rossi JA (1965). Calorimetry of total
phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic
acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and
Viticulture. 16:144–158.
- Uranbey S (2010). Stimulating effect of different basal
media and cytokinine types on regeneration of
endemic and endangered Muscari aucheri. Archives of
Biological Sciences. 62(3):663‐667.
- Verdeguer M, Blazquez MA, Boira H (2011). Chemical
composition and herbicidal activity of the essential
oil from a Cistus ladanifer L. population from Spain.
Natural Product Research. 26:1602–1609.
- Vijayan P, Raghu C, Ashok G, Dhanaraj SA, Suresh B
(2004). Antiviral activity of medicinal plants of
Nilgiris. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 120:24-
29.
- Williams AH (1962). Enzyme inhibition by phenolic
compounds. In Pridham JB (ed) Enzyme chemistry of
phenolic compounds. Pergamon Press, New York.
Pp:87-95.
- Xia DZ, Yu XF, Zhu ZY, Zou ZD (2011). Antioxidant and
antibacterial activity of six edible wild plants (Sonchus
spp.) in China. Natural Product Research. 25: 1893–
1901.
- Yanar Y, Gokce A, Kadioglu I, Cam H, Whalon M
(2011). In vitro antifungal evaluation of various plant
extracts against early blight disease (Alternaria solani)
of potato. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10:8291-
8295.
- Yılar M, Bayan Y, Aksit H, Onaran A, Kadioglu I, Yanar
Y (2013). Bioherbicidal effects of essential oils
isolated from Thymus fallax F., Mentha dumetorum
Schult and Origanum vulgare L. Asian Journal of
Chemistry. 25:4807–4811.
- Yıldırım NC, Paksoy MY, Yüce E, Yıldırım N (2013).
Total Antioxidant status and Antifungal Activities of
Endemic Geophytic Plants Collected from Munzur
Valley in Tunceli, Turkey. Digest Journal of
Nanomaterials and Biostructures. Vol. 8 (1): 403-408.