Ferdiyetçilik, Kolektivizm ve Sanayi Üçgeninde Sanat ve Zanaat: “Geleneksel Sanatlar” Meselesinin Avrupa’da Yükselişi ve Düşüşü

Son zamanlarda “geleneksel sanatlar”ın canlandırılması Türkiye’de önem kazanmışolan bir konudur. Kadim zanaatların üretim yöntemlerine yönelik bu ilgi, genellikle millîkimlik yaratma idealinin bir parçası olan ve geçmişin şekillerine dayanan bir karşı-estetikmeydana getirmek amacını taşır. Bu makalenin amacı, Britanya’da artizanal sanatlarıncanlandırılmaya başlamasından, Almanya’da modern endüstriyel tasarımın doğuşunakadar geçen sürede, “geleneksel sanatlar” meselesinin kısa tarihinin geçmişin estetiğinicanlandırma arayışlarında dikkate alınmasını önermektir. 19. Yüzyılın ortasında Britanya’daortaya çıkan Arts and Crafts hareketi, sanatçı ve zanaatçıların endüstriyelleşmişkapitalizm karşısında güçlerinin eriyip gitmesine duyulan tepkinin sonucunda, Ortaçağloncalarının kolektif el üretimini canlandırmayı denemişti. Arts and Crafts’ın siyasî-ideolojikeğilimine karşılık, yüzyıl dönümünde kıta Avrupa’sında saf estetik bir hareket olarakortaya çıkan Art Nouveau, bu tür bir içerikten büyük ölçüde yoksundu. Sonuçta, sanatıntasarım estetiği olarak kapitalist sanayi üretimiyle uzlaşmasıyla Avrupa’da el sanatlarıhareketi sona ermiş oldu.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

John Ruskin, Arts and Crafts, Deutsche Werkbund, Bauhaus, geleneksel sanatlar

The Arts and Crafts in the Triangle of Individualism, Collectivism and Industrialism: The Rise and Fall of the “Traditional Arts” Ideal in Europe

Nowadays, revitalization of the so-called “traditional arts” is in vogue in Turkey.The penchant for the artistic crafts of the past aims to generate a counter-aesthetics aspart of the ideal of creating national identity, depending on the shapes of the past. Thispaper suggests that from the beginning of the revitalization of artistic crafts in Britainto the birth of modern industrial design in Germany, the short history of the “traditionalarts” must be taken into account in considerations of reviving the aesthetics of the past.In the mid-Nineteenth Century, in Britain, the Arts and Crafts movement tried to revivethe collective hand production of the Medieval guilds. Despite the political-ideologicalorientation of the Arts and Crafts movement, the continental Art Nouveau that emergedas pure aesthetics around the turn of the century was usually devoid of such content. As aconsequence of the reconciliation of art as design aesthetics with the capitalist industrialproduction, the history of handicrafts came to a halt in Europe.

Keywords:

John Ruskin, Arts and Crafts, Deutsche Werkbund, Bauhaus, traditional arts,

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