Fransa Katolik Kilisesi’nde Gallikanizm

Fransa Katolik Kilisesi, Roma Katolikliği içerisinde müstesna bir yere sahiptir. Fransa, Reform hareketine direnmiş, 1789 Devrimi’nden sonra dahi halkın çoğunluğunun Katolik olarak tanımlandığı bir ülke olmuştur. Ancak bu, Fransa Katolik Kilisesi’nin Roma’ya mutlak itaati şeklinde anlaşılmamalıdır. Aksine, Fransa’ya özgü bir akım olan “Gallikanizm”, Fransa ile Roma arasında birçok kez çatışmalara yol açmıştır. Gallikanizm, Fransa Katolik Kilisesi üzerinde Papalığın yetkilerini kısıtlamayı hedefleyen birtakım karar, uygulama ve doktrinleri ifade etmektedir. Genel konsilleri Papaların üzerinde bir otorite olarak gören konsilyarizm gibi birtakım teolojik argümanlar ile desteklense de, Gallikanizm çoğunlukla idari ve maddi meseleler ile ilgili olmuştur. Gallikanizm, krallar, papalar, piskoposlar ve daha sonra parlamenterlerin dâhil olduğu bir güç mücadelesini tanımlamaktadır. Bu mücadelede taraflar ve ittifaklar her zaman aynı kalmamıştır. Hatta bazı dönemlerde kral veya piskoposlar, Papalık ile ittifak halinde olmuştur. Papalıktan devşirilen yetki ve haklar için kral, parlamento ve piskoposlar karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu sebeple Royal, Parlamenter ve Episkopal Gallikanizm’lerden bahsedilir. Bu çok başlılıktan dolayı Gallikanizm yekpare bir akım olamamış ve Fransa Katolik Kilisesi üzerinde kalıcı bir etki bırakamamıştır. Bu çalışma, Fransa Katolik Kilisesi tarihinde önemli birtakım olay ve olgular çerçevesinde Gallikanizm’i açıklamaya çalışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Gallikanizm, Fransa Katolik Kilisesi, Papalık, , Gallikan Özgürlükler.

Gallicanism in the Catholic Church of France

Gallicanism is specifically related to the Catholic Church of France, and it is a set of ecclesiastical and political doctrines and practices which tried to limit the powers of the Papacy in France in general. In particular, it characterized the situation of the Catholic Church in France at certain periods. The emergence of Gallicanism as a specific idea came about in the 14th century and was first used as a term in 1810. Almost everything expressed by Gallicanism is a distinctive development within the French Catholic Church. Gallicanism was mostly about the riches of the Catholic Church and administrative matters rather than a theological movement. These issues were mostly related to episcopal jurisdiction, appointments of bishops, church properties and revenues, and at the core of all these issues lay the sharing of church revenues. The French Crown began to acquire gains, especially regarding the property and financial income of the church with the weakening of the power of the Papacy. This new situation left the bishops between the popes and the kings, and prepared the ground for the development of Gallicanism in the country. However, Gallicanism did not come around as a separatist movement and did not lead to the separation of the Catholic Church of France from the Roman Catholic Church. Due to the conflicts of interests between the king, parliament and the clergy, Gallicanism could not develop into a monolithic thought or doctrine, it manifested itself in different perspectives. These manifestations have been treated as Episcopal, Parliamentary, and Royal Gallicanism in most academic studies. Each of these different Gallican ideas brought to the fore the institutions indicated in their naming and received support from them. However, all three versions of Gallicanism shared some common ideals. These are the common ideals of different Gallicanisms: (1) the independence of the king of France in worldly affairs, (2) the supremacy of an ecumenical council over the pope, and (3) the restriction of the pope's intervention in the French Catholic Church. Royal Gallicanism aimed to gather the powers snatched away from the Papacy in the hands of the king. Parliamentary Gallicanism shared similar principles with Royal Gallicanism.

Keywords:

Gallicanism, Catholic Church of France, Papacy, Gallican Liberties,

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