Amerikan Merkez Bankası (Fed)'nın Oluşumu, Tarihsel Seyri, İşleyişi ve Küresel Etkinliği

Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin merkez bankası olarak bilinen Federal Rezerv Sistemi (Federal Reserve System FED), ülkenin para politikasını yönetir ve bu bağlamda, ABD mali sisteminde, istikrarın sağlanmasında ve sürdürülebilmesinde çok önemli bir işlev görür. FED, bilinen anlamda tipik bir merkez bankası kimliğinde değildir. Tam anlamıyla özerk ve kendine özgü, son derece özel bir yapıdadır. ABDnin para ve maliye politikalarına doğrudan etki etmesinin ötesinde, küresel bağlamda da, ülkelerin para ve maliye politikalarını etkilemektedir. Küresel bağlamda tüm ekonomiler, özellikle de yükselen piyasalar, politikalarını FED in kararlarına ve uygulamalarına göre ayarlamaya ve planlamaya çalış- maktadırlar. Diğer yandan da, ekonomik ve mali istikrarlarını sürdürebilmek için, FED i çok yakından ve güncel olarak, izlemektedirler. Bu makalede, FED in ta- rihsel gelişimi ve küresel ekonomilere mali yansımaları incelenmekte ve değer- lendirilmektedir.

The Formation, Historical Progress, Function and Global Effects of Fed

The central bank of the United States is known as The Federal Reserve System (FED). FED manages the monetary policy of the country and helps to ensure and sustain the stability of the financial system. However, concerning its structure and formation, FED is not a typical central bank in the sense that we know and understand. It is self-regulating, independent and unique. FEDs effects go well beyond the monetary and financial policies of the United States. All countries, especially emerging markets worldwide, are bound to strategize and adjust their policies based on FEDs decisions and applications. In order to maintain financial stability, all economies have to be up-to-date on FEDs current applications. In this article, the authors analyzing and evaluating the historical progress of FED and its financial reflections on global economies.

PDF

___

About the Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium; http:// www.kc.frb.org/publications/research/escp/jackson-hole-info. cfm.10.03.2014.
About Federal Open Market Committee; http://www.federalre- serve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomc.htm. 06.03.2014.
Aldrich Plan (1910); A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/a- brief-history-of-central-banking/aldrich-plan-(1910).php., Erişim: 20.09. 2014.
ARMSTRONG, George; (2011), Rothschild Para İmparatorluğu, (Çev: Mert Akcanbaş) Destek Yayınları, İstanbul.
AUTHEMAN, Andre; La Banque Imperiale Ottomane, Vol. 3, No:53, Year:1997, http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/ prescript/article/xxs_0294-1759_1997_num_53_1_3618_ t1_0171_0000_3. 19.09.2014.
AUTHEMAN, Andre; (09/2002), Bank-ı Osmani-i Şahane, Çev: Ali Berktay, Yayıncı: Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul.
Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı, 31/12/2013 Tarihli ve 2013/5761 Sayılı, 01.01.2014 Tarih ve 28869 sayılı Resmî Gazetede yayımlanmıştır.
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, (2014), http://www.federalreserve.gov/default.htm.
Business and Employment; (2010), Mayer Amschel Bauer changed his name from Bauer to Rothschild and became the founding father of International Finance, http://thecounterpunch. hubpages.com/hub/Mayer_Amschel_Bauer. 19.09.2014.
CARMACK, Patrick S.J.; The Secret Techniques of Money Creation, National Journal, http://globalfire.tv/nj/04en/global- ism/globroots2.htm. 19.09.2014.
Commercial Banks in the USA (USNUM), http://research.stlou- isfed.org/fred2/series/USNUM. 20.09.2014.
Current Economic Conditions, (5 March 2014), http://www.fed- eralreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/. 20.09.2014
Ekonomik Göstergeler ABD, (2014), http://tr.tradingeconomics. com/united-states/indicators, 20.09.2014.
ELDEM, Edhem; (1999), Osmanlı Bankası Tarihi. Çev: Ayşe Berktay. Osmanlı Bankası Tarihi Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul. Encyclopædia Britannica, Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506256/Nelson- Aldrich-Rockefeller. 21.09.2014.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, https://www.fdic.gov/ bank/statistical/stats/2014jun/fdic.html. 20.09.2014.
Federal Reserve, http://www.federalreserveeducation.org/re- sources/topics/federal_reserve.cfm. 21.09.2014.
Federal Advisory Council, http://www.federalreserve.gov/ aboutthefed/fac.htm, 20.09. 2014
Federal Deficit (2014), http://www.usgovernmentspending. com/federal_deficit. 21.09.2014.
Federal Reserve Act (1913), http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/ general/a-brief-history-of-central-banking/federal-reserve- act-(1913). 21.09.2014.
Federal Reserve District, (2014), http://www.amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=Federal%20Re- serve%20Districts. 20.09.2014.
Federal Reserve District Banks, (2014), http://www.amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=Federal+Reserve+ District+Banks. 20.09.2014.
Federal Reserve Pyramid, http://www.amosweb.com/cgi- bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=FederalReservepyram id.06.03.2014.
FERGUSON, Niall; (1998), The House of Rothschild: Moneys Prophets 1798-1848, Viking Adult, Nov.
FOMC Monetary Policy Report, Part 3: Summary of Economic Projections, (2014), http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetary- policy/mpr_20140211_part3.htm, 09.03.2014.
FOX, Lynn S. ve diğerleri; (June 2005), The Federal Reserve System Purposes Functions, Board of Governors of the Fed- eral Reserve System, Ninth Edition, Washington DC 20551. Frontiers Markets, http://www.msci.com/products/indices/ country_and_regional/fm/. 08.03.2014.
GRIFFIN, G. Edward; (December 2012), The Creature from Je- kyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve, 5th Edition American Media, 34th printing.
Gross Federal Debt,(2014), http://www.usgovernmentspend- ing.com/national_debt. 21.09.2014.
GDP,(2014), http://www.statista.com/statistics/263591/gross- domestic-product-gdp-of-the-united-states/. 21.09.2014
HANDERSON, Dean; ( 2011), The Federal Reserve Cartel: The Eight Families, Global Research, http://www.globalre- search.ca/the-federal-reserve-cartel-the-eight-families/25080.
How is the Federal Reserve System Structured?, (2013), http:// www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_12593.htm. 21.09.2014.
John Pierpont Morgan; Famous Financer, 2014, http:// www.biography.com/people/jp-morgan-9414735#synopsis. 20.09.2014.
KRISMER, John; (2013), Our Puppet Government, http:// books.google.com.tr/books?id=_dVCo21cxRIC&pg=PA267&lp g=PA267&dq=Amschel+Moses+Bauer%22counting+shop%2 2&source=bl&ots=L8szytsDgG&sig=BUe_n_KM6Xq06PUaJP crMymbv_4&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=K7AUUvPnIdGKhQf114GQCA&v ed=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Amschel%20Moses%20 Bauer&f=false., Updated and Revised Second Edition, ISBN- 13 978-1-771143-067-8. 21.09.2014.
La Dynistie Des Rothschild, (2011) http://lmathieu.wordpress. com/2011/08/31/la-dynastie-des-rothschild/. 19.09.2014.
Large Commercial Banks, (2014), http://www.federalreserve. gov/Releases/Lbr/current/default.htm. 21.09.2014.
Les Rothschild en France au XIXe siècle, (24 Aout 2014), http://www.veroniquechemla.info/2013/02/les-rothschild-en- france-au-xixe-siecle.html.19.09.2014.
LIN, Jessica, Matthew Rosen and Karl C. Mergenthaler, (2012), Frontier Markets: The New Emerging Markets?, http:// www.jpmorgan.com/tss/General/Frontier_Markets_The_New_ Emerging_Markets_/1320503366660. 10.03.2014.
Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee, (2013), http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomc- minutes20131218.htm. 20.09.2014.
Monetary Policy Report, (July 2014), http://www.federalre- serve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/20140715_mprfullreport.pdf. 20.09.2014
MSCI Frontier Markets Indexes,http://www.msci.com/products/indices/country_and_regional/ fm/. 21.09.2014
MULLINS, Eustace; (1991), The Secret of the Federal Re- serve, Bridger House Publishers Inc., Puublished year: 1991, ISBN:978-0-9799176- 5-3.
PAUL, Ron; (2010), End the FED, Grand Central Publishing, Newyork- Boston.
Rothschild-Our History, http://www.rothschild.com/our_his- tory/.21.09.2014.
Rothschild, la politique et les affaires, 2012, http://www.nou- velordremondial.cc/2012/10/10/rothschild-la-politique-et-les- affaires/. 19.09.2014.
The Founding of the Fed, http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthe- fed/history_article.html. 19.09.2014.
The Federal Reserve, http://www.federalreserveeducation.org/ resources/topics/federal_reserve.cfm. 19.09.2014.
The Structure of the Federal Reserve System, http://www. federalreserveeducation.org/about-the-fed/structure-and-func- tions/. 06.03.2014.
The Structure of the Federal Reserve System,(2014 a) http:// www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/frseries/frseri.htm. 20.09.2014.
The Twelve Federal Reserve Districts,(2014), http://www.feder- alreserve.gov/otherfrb.htm. 20.09.2014.
TEKELOVA, Mira; ( 2011), A Debt Based Monetary System, Export Warfare & Third World Debt, http://www.positive- money.org/2011/12/debt-based-monetary-system-world-debt/. 21.09.2014
Progress Report, (2003), Two Reforms That Will Solve Vir- tually All Our Economic Problems, http://www.progress.org/ tpr/two-reforms-that-will-solve-virtually-all-our-economic-pro- blems/. 21.09.2014.
Welcome to the Rothschild Archives - Brief history of the Paris house de Rothschild Frères, http://www1.rothschildarchive. org/. 20.09.2014.
2013 Economic Policy Symposium, http://kansascityfed.org/ publications/research/escp/escp-2013.cfm. 20.09.2014.
http://www.msci.com/.21.09.2014.