Sosyal Sermaye ile Geleceğini Güvence Altına Almak: Türkiye'de Mülteci-Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarında (M-STK) Çalışan Suriyeli Mülteci Kadınlar Örneği

Sosyal sermaye çalışmalarında kadınların deneyimlerinin görünürlüğüne katkıda bulunmayı amaçlayan bu çalışma, Suriyeli mülteci kadınların köprü oluşturan, bağlayıcı ve birleştirici olarak gecen farklı türlerdeki sosyal sermayeleri Türkiye’deki M-STK’larda is bulmak için kullanıp kullanmadığını ve kullanıyorlarsa nasıl kullandıklarını nitel yöntemleri kullanarak incelemektedir. Analiz edilen veriler, Gaziantep’te M-STK’larda çalışan 16 Suriyeli mülteci kadınla yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Ayrıca, Suriyeli mültecilere iş bulma amacıyla kurulmuş olan bir sivil toplum kuruluşunun. ofis müdürüyle de bir anahtar kişi görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, Suriyeli kadınların iş bulmak ve sektöre tutunmak için kişisel ve profesyonel bağlantılarını kullandıklarını göstermiştir.

Securing a Future with Social Capital: The Case of Syrian Refugee Women Working in Non-governmental Organizations-Refugees (NGO-Rs) in Turkey

Aiming at shedding a light on refugee women’s experiences with social capital, this article tries to answer the following questions: whether and how do Syrian refugee women utilize different forms of social capital to find jobs in NGO-Rs in Turkey? Investigating the role of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital, a qualitative methods study was conducted with Syrian refugee women that work at NGO-Rs in Turkey. The data analyzed was generated by thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 16 Syrian refugee women working in NGO-Rs in Gaziantep, Turkey; and a key informant interview that was conducted for triangulation purposes with an office manager of an NGO-R that finds work for Syrian refugees in Turkey. Research findings reveal that Syrian women tend to rely on personal and professional ties to find jobs and survive in the sector; and it radically increases their employment prospects.

PDF

___

Ager, Alastair and Alison Strang. “Understanding integration: A conceptual framework” Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2) (2008): 166 – 190
Aguilera, Michael Bernabe. “The Impact of Social Capital on the Earnings of Puerto Rican Migrants” The Sociological Quarterly, 46 (2005): 569-592
Allen, Ryan. “Benefit or Burden? Social Capital, Gender, and the Economic Adaptation of Refugees” International Migration Review, 43 (2) (2009): 332–365
Barbelet, Veronique and Caitlin Wake. “The lives and livelihoods of Syrian refugees in Turkey and Jordan” Summary Report, Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource- documents/11344.pdf (accessed May 10, 2018).
Boateng, Alice. “Survival voices: Social capital and the well-being of Liberian refugee women in Ghana” Journal of I mmigrant & Refugee Studies, 8(4) (2010): 386- 408.
Bourdieu, Pierre. “The forms of capital”. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John G. Richardson, 241 – 258. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986.
Claridge, Tristan. “Functions of social capital – bonding, bridging, linking” Social Capital Research, 1-7 (2018). https://d1fs2th61pidml.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Functions-of-Social-Capital.pdf?x50005 (accessed December 27, 2019).
Department for International Development. Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. 1999. https://www.ennonline.net/dfidsustainableliving (accessed December 20, 2019)
Dion, Karen K. and Kenneth L. Dion. “Gender and Cultural Adaptation in Immigrant Families”. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3) (2001): 511 – 521.
Directorate General of Migration Management, Temporary Protection, https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638 (accessed May 29, 2021)
Directorate of Civil Society, Distribution of Active Associations based on their type, https://www.siviltoplum.gov.tr/illere-ve-faaliyet-alanlarina-gore-dernekler (accessed September 29, 2020)
Farrington, John, Tamsin Ramasut, and Julian Walker. “Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches in Urban Areas: General Lessons, with Illustrations from Indian Cases.” Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.
https://publikationer.sida.se/contentassets/c85be1c3fc0e4a139c59cf86090429e0/sustainable-livelihoods-a pproaches-in-urban-areas_1153.pdf (accessed September 25, 2020)
Göransson, Markus Balazs, Lotta Hultin and Magnus Mähring. (2020) “ ‘The phone means everything.’ Mobile phones, livelihoods and social capital among Syrian refugees in informal tented settlements in Lebanon”, Migration and Development, 9:3 (2020): 331-351.
Grand National Assembly of Turkey. “Göç ve uyum raporu [Migration and adaptation report]”. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari/docs/2018/goc_ve_uyum_raporu.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018)
İçduygu, Ahmet and Deniz Yükseker. "Rethinking transit migration in Turkey: reality and re‐presentation in the creation of a migratory phenomenon." Population, Space and Place, 18 (4) (2012): 441–456.
Körükmez, Lülüfer, İlhan Zeynep Karakılıç and Didem Danış. "Exigency, Negotiation, Change: The work experiences of Syrian Refugee Women and Gender Relations." GAR Book Series No.3
https://www.gocarastirmalaridernegi.org/attachments/article/161/Exigency%20Negotiation%20Change.pdf (accessed March 26, 2021)
Livingston, Gretchen. " Gender, job searching, and employment outcomes among Mexican immigrants. " Population Research and Policy Review, 25 (2006): 43 – 66.
Molyneux, Maxine. "Gender and silences of social capital: Lessons from Latin America. " Development and Change, 33(2) (2002): 167 – 188.
Ministry of Trade. "Response to Parliamentary Questions". https://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d27/7/7-9204sgc.pdf (accessed September 25, 2020)
O’Neill, Brenda and Elisabeth Gidengil, eds. Gender and Social Capital. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Ozturk, Lamiha, Zehra V. Serin and Hamdiye Altınoz. "Challenges and Obstacles for Syrian Refugee Women in the Turkish Labor Market." Societies 9, no. 3 (2019): 49.
Portes, Alejandro. "Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology." Annual Review of Sociology, 24 (1998): 1 – 24.
Putnam, Robert. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
Quetulio-Navarra, Melissa, Anke Niehof and Wander van der Vaart. "Social Capital in Involuntary Displacement and Resettlement." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 5 (2) (2013): 139 - 154
Strang, Alison and Alastair Ager. "Refugee integration: Emerging trends and remaining agendas. " Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4) (2010): 549 – 607.
Sunata, Ulaş and Salih Tosun. "Assessing the Civil Society’s Role in Refugee Integration in Turkey: NGO-R as a New Typology." Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(4) (2018): 683 – 703.
Szreter, Simon and Michael Woolcock. "Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health. " International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(4) (2004): 650 – 667.
Tran, Tien Anh. “The role of social capital and community ties in rebuilding livelihoods of displaced households in peri- urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City.” PhD diss. Iowa State University, 2015.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/05d4/d430f411fc202d56020a6a5ce2f4b00249bd.pdf (accessed May 10, 2018)
UNHCR. “Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response.” https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria (accessed May 3, 2018)
UN Women and SGDD-ASAM. Needs Assessment of Syrian Women and Girls Under Temporary Protection Status in Turkey. Ankara (2018). https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office %20eca/attachments/publications/country/turkey/the%20needs%20assessmentengwebcompressed.pdf? la=en&vs=3139 (accessed March 26, 2021)
Uzelac, Ana, Jos Meester, Willem van der Berg and Markus Göransson. "The untapped resource: Protecting and leveraging refugee social capital in protracted displacement. " CRU Policy Brief, Clingendael Institute. https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2018
07/PB_Protecting_and_leveraging_refugee_social_capital_in_protracted_displacement_July2018.pdf (accessed May 18, 2018)
Üstündağ, Nur M. "Being Qualified in Forced Migration: Educated Syrian Migrants’ Experiences in the Labor Market of Istanbul" Journal of Education Science Society, 18(70) (2020): 29-61.
Woolcock, Michael. "The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes." Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2(1) (2001): 1–17.