___

• Solomon C, Warwick DJ, Nayagam S. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fracture. 8th ed. London. Arnold Publishers 2001; 374-86.
• Facanha-Filho FA, Winter RB, Lonstein JE, et al. Measurement accuracy in congenital Scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg 2001;83A:42-5.
• Cobb JR. Outline for the study of scoliosis. Instr Course Lec 1948;5:261-75.
• Goldsmith G, Morrismy R, Hall CE, Keh ID, Cowie H. Accuracy of the Cobb technique in Scoliosis Measurements. Orthop Trans 1987;11:32.
• Goldberg MS, Poitras B, Mayo NE, Lobelle H, Bourassa R, Cloutier R. Observer variation in assessing spinal curva- tures and skeletal development in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1988; 13:1371-7.
• Carman DL, Browne RH, Birch JG. Measurement of scolio- sis and kyphosis radiographs: intraobserver and interob- server variations. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72A:328-33.
• Loder RT, Urguhart A, Steen H, et al. Variability in Cobb Angle Measurements in Children with Congenital Scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1995;77:768-70.
• Dutton KE, Jones TJ, Slinger BS, Sculle R, O’Connor J. Reliability of the Cobb angle index derived by traditional and computer assisted methods. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 1989;12:16-23.
• Singer KP, Jone TJ, Breidah IFO. A Comparison of radio- graphic and computer-assisted measurements of thoracic and thoracolumbar saggital curvature. Skeletal Radiol 1990;19:21-6.
• Goh S, Price RI, Leedman PJ, Singer KP. A comparison of three methods for measuring thoracic kyphosis: implica- tions for clinical studies. Rheumatology 2000;39:310-15.
• Shea KG, Stevens PH, Nelson M, Smith JT. A comparison of manual versus computer-assisted radiographic measure- ment. Spine 1998;23:551-5. Goniometer Method
• Lippman-Cobb Method θ = Cobb angle
• Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of a scoliotic curve showing the Goniometer method and the Lippman-Cobb method
• of estimating the angle of spinal curvature.