___

• King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998;21: 1414-31
• Harris MI, Hadden WC, Knowler WC, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and plasma glucose levels in US population aged 20-74 years. Diabetes 1987;36:523-34
• Klein L, Gheorghiade M. Management of the Patient with Diabetes Mellitus and Myocardial Infarction: Clinical Trials Update. Am J Med 2004;116:47S-63S
• Farkouh ME, Rayfield EJ, Fuster V. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. In: Fuster V, Alexander RW and O’rourke RA ed. Hurst’s The Heart. 11th Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies 2004;2097-125
• Ducimetiere P, Eschwege E, Papoz L, Richard JL, Claude JR, Rosselin G. Relationship of plasma insulin levels to the incidence of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease mortality in a middle-aged population. Diabetologia 1980;19:205-10
• Palumbo PJ. Metformin: effects on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 1998; 12:110-9
• Morgan KP, Kapur A, Beatt KJ. Anatomy of coronary disease in diabetic patients: an explanation for poorer outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention and potential target for intervention. Heart 2004;90:732-8
• Pfeifle B, Ditschuneit H. Effect of insulin on growth of cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells. Diabetologia 1981; 20:155-8
• Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby and epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA 2002;287:2570-81
• Williams SB, Goldfine AB, Timimi FK, Ting HH, Roddy MA, Simonson DC, Creager MA. Acute hyperglycemia attenuates vasodilation in humans in vivo. Circulation 1998; 97:1695-701
• Gazis A, White DJ, Page SR, Cockcroft JR. Effect of oral vitamin E (alpha- tocopherol) supplementation on vascular endothelial function in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999;16:304-11
• Steinberg HO, Tarshoby M, Monestel R, Hook G, Cronin J, Johnson A, Bayazeed B, Baron AD. Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium- dependent vasodilation. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1230-9
• Ross R. Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-26
• Mendall MA, Strachan DP, Butland BK, et al. C-reactive protein: relation to total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular risk factors in men. Eur Heart J;21:1584-90
• Leinonen E, Hurt-Camejo E, Wiklund O, Hulten LM, Hiukka A, Taskinen MR. Insulin resistance and adiposity correlate with acute-phase reaction and soluble cell adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2003;166:387-94
• Jager A, van Hinsbergh VW, Kostense PJ, et al. Increased levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 are associated with risk of cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn study. Diabetes 2000; 49:485-91
• Ceriello A. Coagulation activation in diabetes mellitus: the role of hyperglycemia and therapeutic prospects. Diabetologia 1993;36:1119-25
• Pandolfi A, Cetrullo D, Polishuck R, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is increased in the arterial wall of type II diabetic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1378-82
• Knobler H, Savion N, Shenkman B, Kotev-Emeth S, Varon D. Shear-induced platelet adhesion and aggregation on subendothelium are increased in diabetic patients. Thromb Res 1998;90:181-90
• Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352:837-53
• Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352:854-65
• Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 1997;314:1512-5
• Beckman JA, Libby P, Creager MA. Diabetes Syndrome, and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. In: Braunwald E ed. Heart Disease. 7th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company 2005;1035-46 the Metabolic
• Brooks MM, Jones RH, Bach RG, et al. Predictors of mortality and mortality from cardiac causes in the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation (BARI) randomized trial and registry. For the BARI Investigators. Circulation 2000; 101:2682-9
• Adams JF, Clark JS, Ireland JT, Kesson CM, Watson WS. Malabsorption of vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor secretion during biguanide therapy. Diabetologia 1983;24(1):16-8
• Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:517-27 and coronary
• Misbin RI, Green L, Stadel BV, Gueriguian JL, Gubbi A, Fleming GA. Lactic acidosis in patients with diabetes treated with metformin. N Engl J Med 1998;338:265-6
• Marchetti P, Navalesi R. Pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic relationships of oral hypoglycaemic agents. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1989;16:100-28
• Setter SM, Iltz JL, Thams J, Campbell RK. Metformin hydrochloride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical review with a focus on dual therapy. Clin Ther 2003;25:2991-3026
• Bailey CJ, Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 574-9
• Mather KJ, Verma S, Anderson TJ. Improved endothelial function with metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1344-50
• Kao J, Tobis J, McClelland RL, et al. Currier JW; Investigators in the Prevention of Restenosis with Tranilast and Its Outcomes Trial. Relation of metformin treatment to clinical events in diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous intervention. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1347- 50
• Rosenstock J, Samols E, Muchmore DB, Schneider J. Glimepiride, a new once-daily sulfonylurea. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of NIDDM patients. Glimepiride Study Group. Diabetes Care 1996;19:1194-9
• Brady PA, Terzic A. The sulfonylurea controversy: more questions from the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:950-6
• Duncker DJ, Van Zon NS, Altman JD, Pavek TJ, Bache RJ. Role of K+ATP channels in coronary vasodilation during exercise. Circulation 1993;88:1245-53
• Cole WC, McPherson CD, Sontag D. ATP-regulated K+ channels protect the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion damage. Circ Res 1991;69:571-81
• Toombs CF, McGee S, Johnston WE, Vinten-Johansen J. Myocardial protective effects of adenosine. Infarct size reduction with pretreatment and continued receptor stimulation during ischemia. Circulation 1992;86:986-94
• Garratt KN, Brady PA, Hassinger NL, Grill DE, Terzic A, Holmes DR Jr. Sulfonylurea drugs increase early mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus after direct angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:119-24
• Klepzig H, Kober G, Matter C, et al. preconditioning; a double-blind, placebo- controlled evaluation of glimepiride and glibenclamide. Eur Heart J 1999;20:439- 46 and ischaemic
• Smits P, Thien T. Cardiovascular effects of sulphonylurea derivatives. Implications for the treatment of NIDDM? Diabetologia 1995;38:116-21
• Fleming A. FDA approach to the regulation of drugs for diabetes. Am Heart J 1999;138:S338-45 42. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Diabetes 1996;45:1661-9
• Duval C, Chinetti G, Trottein F, Fruchart JC, Staels B. The role of PPARs in atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2002;8: 422-30 44. Parulkar AA, Pendergrass ML, Granda-Ayala R, Lee TR, Fonseca VA. thiazolidinediones. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:61-71 effects of
• Fisman EZ, Tenenbaum A, Motro M, Adler Y. Oral antidiabetic therapy in patients with heart disease. A cardiologic standpoint. Herz 2004;29:290-8
• Bakris G, Viberti G, Weston WM, Heise M, Porter LE, Freed MI. Rosiglitazone reduces urinary albumin excretion in type II diabetes. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17:7- 12
• Goetze S, Bungenstock A, Czupalla C, et al. Leptin induces endothelial cell migration through Akt, which is inhibited by PPARgamma-ligands. Hypertension 2002;40:748-54
• Fisman EZ, Motro M, Tenenbaum A, Boyko V, Mandelzweig L, Behar S. Impaired fasting glucose concentrations in nondiabetic patients with ischemic heart disease: a marker for a worse prognosis. Am Heart J 2001;141:485-90
• Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M; STOP- NIDDM Trail Research Group. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2072-7
• Rao SV, Bethel MA, Feinglos MN. Treatment implications of the use of oral agents. Am Heart J 1999;138:S334-7 mellitus:
• Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. JAMA 1999;281:2005-12
• Fisman EZ, Tenenbaum A, Boyko V, et al. Oral antidiabetic treatment in patients with coronary disease: time- related increased mortality on combined glyburide/metformin therapy over a 7.7- year follow-up. Clin Cardiol 2001;24: 151-8
• Olsson J, Lindberg G, Gottsater M, et al. Increased mortality in Type II diabetic patients using sulphonylurea and metformin in combination: a population- based observational study. Diabetologia 2000;43:558-60
• The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: the AACE system of intensive diabetes self-management--2000 update. Endocr Pract 2000;6:43-84
• McGuire DK, Newby LK, Bhapkar MV, et al. SYMPHONY and 2nd SYMPHONY Investigators. Association of diabetes mellitus and glycemic control strategies with clinical outcomes after acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2004; 147:246-52