EFL Students’ Test Preparation Practices in the Nepalese context

EFL Students’ Test Preparation Practices in the Nepalese context

It has widely been claimed that a language test has huge impact on teaching and learning the language. However, the nature of test impact on students’ out-of-class learning practices, particularly in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context, is under-researched. The study reported in this paper explored EFL students’ out-of-class test preparation practices in a high-stakes test context in Nepal. The data generated through a survey (N=226), students’ oral diaries (N=72), and semi-structured interviews with students and parents (N=24) indicated that the majority of students employed memorisation as a chief strategy to learn English and they rarely used language skills development (LSD) strategies such as reading books/ magazines/ newspapers in English, watching movies/programmes in English, and writing in English. Furthermore, almost all the students took private tuition classes to prepare themselves for the test. All these practices indicate that they had a major focus on increasing the test scores rather than on enhancing their English language proficiency. However, there were several indications that students employed several LSD strategies during the regular learning period (i.e., around seven months before the test). Implications of the findings have been discussed.

___

  • Alderson, C. J., & Wall, D. (1993). Does washback exist? Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/14.2.115
  • Akpinar, K. D., & Cakildere, B. (2013). Washback effects of high-stakes language tests of Turkey (KPDS and DS) on productive and receptive skills of academic personnel. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 9(2), 81–94.
  • Allen, D. (2016). Investigating washback to the learner from the IELTS test in the Japanese tertiary context. Language Testing in Asia, 6(7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-016-0030-z
  • Bashyal, G. P. (2018). ELT methods and techniques in Nepali secondary school. In D. Hayes (Ed.), English language teaching in Nepal: Research, reflection and practice (pp.219-238). Kathmandu: British Council, Nepal.
  • BERA. (2018). Ethical guidelines for educational research. London: BERA.
  • Bhattrai, Y. B. (2014). The school leaving certificate (SLC) examination of Nepal: Exploring negative consequences. An unpublished MA dissertation, Carleton University, Canada.
  • Bista, K. (2011). Teaching English as a foreign/second language in Nepal: Past and present. English for Specific Purposes World, 11(32), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1944.tb03895.x
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Budhathoki, C. B., Khatri, H. B., Shrestha, D., Rana, B. K., Sigdel, T. P., Panta, K., & Thapa, S. W. (2014). Status of SLC dropouts and identifying ways to engaging students in co-curricular activities. Kathmandu: Ministry of Education, Nepal.
  • Cheng, L. (1998). Impact of a public English examination change on students’ perceptions and attitudes toward their English learning. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 24(3), 279–301.
  • Clause, C. S., Delbridge, K., Schmitt, N., Chan, D., & Jennings, D. (2001). Test preparation activities and employment test performance. Human Performance, 14(2), 149–167. https://doi.org10.1207/S15327043HUP1402_02
  • Dawadi, S. (2021). Factors affecting the washback effects of High-Stakes tests- TESOL EJ, 25 (5). Available at: https://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume25/ej99/ej99a1/
  • Dawadi, S. (2020). Parental involvement in National EFL test preparation. RELC, 53 (3), 427–439.
  • Dawadi, S. (2018). The impacts of the School Leaving Certificate examination on English language teaching and student motivation to learn English. In D. Hayes (Ed.), English language teaching in Nepal: Research, reflection and practice (pp.133–164). Kathmandu: British Council, Nepal.
  • Dawadi, S., & Shrestha, P. N. (2018). Construct validity of the Nepalese school leaving English reading test. Educational Assessment, 23(2), p.102-120. sagepub.com/journals-permissions.
  • Goşa, C. M. (2004). Investigating washback: A case study using student diaries. England: Lancaster University.
  • Giri, R. A. (2011). Examination as an agent of educational reform: Re-iterating some issues of debate. NELTA Chautari. Downloaded from: https://neltachoutari.wordpress.com
  • Haladyna, T. M., Nolen, S. B., & Haas, N. S. (1991). Raising standardised test scores and achievement the origins of test score pollution. Educational Researcher, 20(5), 2–7.
  • Huang, D. (2010). The social and educational impact of the College English Test in China. Aberdeen: An unpublished PhD thesis: University of Aberdeen, England. Hughes, A. (1993). Backwash and TOEFL 2000. University of Reading.
  • Huhta, A., Kalaja, P., & Pitkänen-Huhta, A. (2006). Discursive construction of a high-stakes test: The many faces of a test-taker. Language Testing, 23(3), 326–350. doi:10.1191/0265532206lt331oa
  • Kim, N. (2016). Test preparation and identity: Cases of Korean test takers preparing tests of English speaking proficiency. An unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester, England.
  • Knoch, U., Huisman, A., Elder, C., Kong, X., & McKenna, A. (2020). Drawing on repeat test takers to study test preparation practices and their links to score gains. Language Testing, 37(4), 550–572. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0265532220927407
  • Lai, E. R., & Waltman, K. (2008). Test preparation: Examining teacher perceptions and practices. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 27(2), 28–45. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3992.2008.00120.x
  • Loumbourdi, L. (2014). The power and impact of standardised test: Investigating the washback of language exams in Greece. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
  • Mathema, K. B., & Bista, M. B. (2006). Study on student performance in SLC. Kathmandu: Ministry of Education and Sports.
  • Ministry of Education (2014). Madhyamik shiksha pathyakram (Class 9-10). Kathmandu: Ministry of Education, Nepal.
  • Onaiba, A. M. E. (2013). Investigating the washback effect of a revised EFL public examination on teachers’ instructional practices, materials and curriculum. An published PhD thesis. University of Leicester, England.
  • Pan, Y., & Newfields, T. (2011). Teacher and student washback on test preparation evidenced from Taiwan’s English certification exit requirements. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 6(3), 260–272.
  • Pophamm, W. J. (1997). Consequential validity: Right concern—wrong concept. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 16, 9–13.
  • Qi, L. (2007). Is testing an efficient agent for pedagogical change? Examining the intended washback of the writing task in a high-stakes English test in China. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 14(1), 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09695940701272856
  • Resnick, L. B., & Schantz, F. (2017). Testing, teaching, learning: Who is in charge? Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 24(3), 424–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2017.1336988
  • Shih, C. M. (2007). A new washback model of students’ learning. Canadian Modern Language Review, 64(1), 135–162. doi: 10.3138/cmlr.64.1.135
  • Takagi, A. (2010). A critical analysis of English language entrance examinations at Japanese Universities. An unpublished PhD thesis. University of Exeter, England.
  • Xiao, Y., Sharpling, G., & Liu, H. (2011). Washback of national matriculation English test on students’ learning in the Chinese secondary school context. Asian EFL Journal, 13(3), 103–129.
  • Xie, Q. (2013). Does test preparation work? Implications for score validity. Language Assessment Quarterly, 10(2), 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2012.721423
  • Xie, Q. (2015). Do component weighting and testing method affect time management and approaches to test preparation? A study on the washback mechanism. System 50, 56-68. doi:10.1016/j.system.2015.03.002
  • Zhan, Y., & Andrews, S. (2014). Washback effects from a high-stakes examination on out-of-class English learning: insights from possible self-theories. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 21(1), 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2012.757546
  • Zhan, Y., & Wan, Z. H. (2014). Dynamic nature of washback on individual learners: the role of possible selves. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(7), 821–839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.872769
  • Zhan, Y., & Wan, Z. H. (2016). Test takers’ beliefs and experiences of a high-stakes computer-based English listening and speaking test. RELC, 47(3), 363–376. doi:10.1177/0033688216631174
  • Zhengdong, G. (2009). IELTS preparation course and student IELTS performance: A case study in Hong Kong. RELC, 40(1), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688208101449