Veteriner Sahada Güncel Mikrobiyota Kavramı

Mikrobiyota; canlı vücudunda başlıca, gastrointestinal sistem, deri, solunum sistemi, ürogenital sistem gibi hayati sistemlerde bulunan, bakteri, virus, mantar ve arkeleri ifade eder. Mikrobiyotanın genomu, canlı genomundan 1000 kat daha fazla gen dizilimi içerir. Mikrobiyotanın vücutta enerji metabolizması, hepatik fonksiyonlar, immün sistem gelişimi, motor sistem ve endokrin fonksiyonları üzerine etkileri vardır. Mikrobiyota kompozisyonu; diyet, antibiyotik kullanımı, stres gibi faktörlerden dolayı bozulabilmektedir ve mikrobiyotanın bu dengesinin bozulmasına “disbiyozis” denir. 2007 yılında daha sonraki araştırmalara ışık tutacak olan İnsan Mikrobiyom Projesi faaliyete geçirilmiş ve insan mikrobiyotasının özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde büyük önem taşımıştır. Çiftlik ve pet hayvanlarında yapılan çalışmalar henüz yenidir. Çiftlik hayvanlarında verim özelliklerinin artmasında, yemden yararlanmanın maksimum düzeyde tutulabilmesinde, süt yağının artışında mikrobiyotanın çok önemli bir rolü vardır. Pet hayvanlar, özellikle de köpekler ilk çağlardan beri insanoğluna eşlik edip, insanlarla hem yaşam alanını hem de mikrobiyotasını paylaşmaktadır. Evcil hayvan varlığının hem yetişkinler için, hem de özellikle yeni doğan çocukların mikrobiyota gelişiminde büyük bir rolü olduğu ve astım, alerjik rinit, atopik dermatit gibi alerjik hastalıkların görülme oranını azalttığı kanıtlanmıştır. Veteriner sahada mikrobiyota çalışmaları dünyada henüz son yıllarda çalışılmaya başlanmış olup, gün geçtikçe daha fazla araştırma yapılmaktadır ve hala araştırılmayı bekleyen birçok konu bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Mikrobiyota, Pet, Kanatlı, Çiftlik Hayvanları, Veteriner, Probiyotik

Microbiota refers to bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea which are found in vital systems such as the gastrointestinal system, skin, respiratory system and urogenital system. The genome of the microbiota contains 1000 times more gene sequences than the organism genome. Microbiota has effects on energy metabolism, hepatic functions, immune system development, motor system and endocrine functions. Microbiota composition can break down by diet, use of antibiotics, stress, etc., and the disruption of this balance on microbiota is called “dysbiosis”. In 2007, the Human Microbiology Project activity, which will shed light on further research, has been carried out and has great importance in determining the character of human microbiota. The studies on microbiota of farm animal and pets are unprecedented yet. Microbiota has a crucial role in increasing the milk yield in order to increase the yield characteristics of farm animals and to maximize the utilization of feed. Pets, especially dogs, have been accompanied by humans since the early ages and share both the habitat and the microbiota with humans. It has been proven that the presence of the pet has a major role in the development of microbiota, both for adults and especially for newborn children, and reduces the incidence of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis. Microbiota studies in veterinary medicine are relatively new and there is still many issues to be investigated.

Keywords:

Microbiota, Pet, Poultry, Livestock, Veterinary, Probiotic,

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