Yemek TV Programlarının Kültürel İçeriği: Ulusal ve Uluslararası Farsça Televizyon Programlarının Karşılaştırmalı Bir İncelemesi

Medya teşhiri, toplumların tüm kültürel özelliklerine nüfuz etmiştir; İletişim, kültürel geleneklerle yakın ilişki içinde olduğundan, insanların inanç, tutum ve bilgileri üzerinde derin bir etkiye sahiptir. Televizyon, kültür ve yaşam tarzının yaratılmasında ve tanıtılmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ulusal ve uluslararası Fars TV yemek programlarında kültürel değerlerin yansımasını araştırmak ve karşılaştırmaktır. Bu çalışmanın araştırma yöntemi, kültürler arası nitel içerik analizi yaklaşımına dayanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada veriler Mayring yöntemine göre analiz edilmiştir. Veri toplamak için TV yemek programları örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Sonuçlar, ulusal TV yemek programlarının ana içeriklerinin yemek sunumuyla birlikte vatanseverlik kültürü, dinin önemi, tüketimcilik ve kolektivizmi sunduğunu göstermiştir. Ulusal TV yemek programlarında vurgulanan kültürel içerikler küreselcilik, din isteksizliği, bireycilik ve aktivizm üzerineydi.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kültür, İçerik Analizi, Yemek, Medya, Televizyon

Cultural Content of Food TV shows: A Comparative Study of National and International Persian TV Programs

The media exposure has permeated all cultural features of societies; and Since communication is in a close relation with cultural customs, it has a deep effect on people's beliefs, attitudes and knowledge. Television plays a significant part in creating and introducing culture and lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the cultural values reflection on the national and international Persian TV food programs. The research method of this study was based on cross-cultural qualitative content analysis approach. In this research, data were analysed based on the method of Mayring. To collect data, TV food programs were selected as samples. The results showed that the main contents of national TV food programs along with the presentation of food offered the culture of patriotism, the importance of religion, consumerism, and collectivism. While the emphasized cultural contents of the national TV food programs were about globalism, religion reluctance, individualism, and activism.

Keywords:

Culture, Content Analysis, Food, Media, Television,

PDF

___

Ammerman, N. (2003). Religious identities and religious institutions. M. Dillon (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of religion (pp. 207-24). Cambridge University Press.
Ball-Rokeach, S. J., & DeFleur, M. L. (1976). A dependency model of mass media effects. Communication Research, 3, 3-21.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Prentice Hall.
--------------- (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26.
Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition (2009). The cultural dimension of food. https://www.barillacfn.com/m/publications/pp-cultural-dimension-of-food.pdf
Barker, L. M. (1983). The psychobiology of human food selection. AVI.
Baron, A. R., & Byrne, B. (1997). Social psychology. Allyn & Bacon.
Barthes, R. (2013). Toward a psychosociology of contemporary food consumption. C. Counihan & P. V. Esterik (Eds.), Food and culture: A reader. Routledge.
Binde, P. (2009). Exploring the impact of gambling advertising: An interview study of problem gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7(4), 541-554.
Binde, P., & Romild, U. (2019). Self-reported negative influence of gambling advertising in a Swedish population-based sample. J Gambl Stud, 35, 709-724.
Boynton-Jarrett, R., Thomas, T. N., Peterson, K. E., Wiecha, J., Sobol, A. M., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2003). Impact of television viewing patterns on fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents. Pediatrics, 112, 1321-1326.
Brillat-Savarin, J. A. (1970). The Philosopher in the kitchen. Penguin Books.
Chaney, D. (2001). From ways of life to lifestyle: Rethinking culture as ideology and sensibility. Culture in the Communication Age, 75-88.
Clark, L. (2003). From angels to aliens: Teenagers, the media, and the supernatural. Oxford University Press.
Cohen, J. (2009). Mediated relationships and media effects: Parasocial interaction and identification. R. Nabi & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), The Sage handbook of media processes and effects (pp. 223-236). Sage.
Dakroury, A. (2014). Media and culture. Global Media Journal, 7(2), 1-3.
de Solier, I. (2005). TV Dinners: Culinary television, education and distinction. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 19(4), 465-481.
den Hartog, A. P., Van Staveren, W. A., & Brouwer, I. D., (2006). Food habits and consumption in the devloping countries. Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Dickinson, R. (2000). Food and eating on television: Impacts and influences. Nutrition & Food Science, 30(1), 24-29.
Douglas, M. (1972). Deciphering a meal. Daedalus, 101(1), 61-81.
Fairclough, N. (2006). Language and globalization. Routledge.
Fazal, K., Iqbal, Z., & Gazzaz, O. B. (2012). Communication and culture: Reflections on the perspectives of influence. Wulfenia Journal, 19(8), 197-212.
Fieldhouse, P. (1995). Food and nutrition: Customs and culture. Chapman & Hall Ltd.
Fischer, R., & Boer, D. (2011). What is more important for national well-being: money or autonomy? A meta-analysis of well-being, burnout, and anxiety across societies. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol, 101, 164-184.
Fischler, C. (1988). Food, self and identity. Social Science Information, 27(2), 275-292.
Fiske, J. (1999). Television culture: popular pleasures and politics. Routledge.
Foerster, S. (l997). California dietary practices survey: Focus on fruits and vegetables, trends among adult 1989-7995. Sacramento CA, California Department of Health Services.
Fu, F., Juntaronanont, P., Imsamran, T., & Tian, Y. (2020). A study on the influence of Chinese movies and TV series in Thailand: A case study of Huachiew Chalermprakiet University. J. Chinese Language and Culture, 7, 213-224.
Gergen, K. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. Basic Books.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity. Polity Press.
Grant, J. E., & Kim, S. W. (2001). Demographic and clinical features of 131 adult pathological gamblers. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(12), 957-962.
Griffith, C. J., Mathias, K. A., & Price, P. E. (1994). The mass media and food hygiene education. British Food Journal, 96(9), 16-21.
Gulam, A. (2016). Role of mass media in sports communication. International Journal of Advanced Educational Research, 1(5), 51-53.
Han, E. & Lee. S. (2014). Motivations for the complementary use of text-based media during linear TVviewing: An exploratory study. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 235-43.
Harris J. L., Bargh, J. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2009). Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior. Health Psychology, 28(4), 404-413.
Hastings, G., Stead, M., McDermott, L., Forsyth, A., MacKintosh, A. M., & Rayner. (2003). Review of research on the effects of food promotion to children. www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/foodpromotiontochildren1.pdf
Hazan, A. R., & Glantz, S. A., (1995). Current trends intobacco use in prime-time ﬁctional television. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 116-117.
Helman, C. (2007). Culture, health and illness. Oxford University Press.
Hing, N., Cherney, L., Blaszczynski, A., Gainsbury, S. M., & Lubman, D. I. (2014). Do advertising and promotions for online gambling increase gambling consumption? An exploratory study. International Gambling Studies, 14(3), 394-409.
Hing, N., Lamont, M., Vitartas, P., & Fink, E. (2015). Sports-embedded gambling promotions: A study of exposure, sports betting intention and problem gambling amongst adults. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13(1), 115-135.
Hjarvard, S. (2008). The mediatization of religion: A theory of the media as agents of religious change. Northern Lights, 6(1), 9-26.
Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (2010). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. Wiley-Blackwell.
Hoover, S. (2006). Religion in the media age. Routledge.
Inglehart, R., Foa, R., Peterson, C., & Welzel, C. (2008). Development, freedom, and rising happiness. Perspect. Psychol. Sci, 3, 264-285.
Javed, S., Arshad, S., and Saleem, M. R. (2022). Fostering parasocial interaction between users and drama characters through online communities: a case study of Ertugrul Ghazi viewers. J. Manag. Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences 6, 61-73. https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-6.3.5
Kitayama, S., Snibbe, A. C., Markus, H. R., & Suzuki, T. (2004). Is there any “free” choice? Self and dissonance in two cultures. Psychol. Sci, 15, 527-533.
Klemm, M., & Sascha, M. (2014). Social TV und politikaneignung: Wie zuschauer die inhalte politischer diskussionssendungen via Twitter kommentieren. Zeitschrift für angewandte Linguistik, 60(1), 3-35.
Klinenberg, E., & Wachsmuth, D. (2012). Culture, media, and communication. J. Manza, L. Haney & R. Arum (Eds.), Sociology project. Pearson Custom Publishing.
Kotler, P. (2002). Marketing management. Prentice Hall.
Kraidy, M. (2005). Hybridity, or the cultural logic of globalization. Temple University Press.
Lee, S. T. (2019). Film as cultural diplomacy: South Korea’s nation branding through parasite. Place Brand. Public Dipl., 18, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-020-00192-1
Levy, A. S., & Schucker, R. E. (1987). Patterns of nutrient intake among dietary supplement users: Attitudinal and behavioral correlations. J Am Diet Assoc, 87(6), 754-60.
Lippmann, W. (1965) Public opinion. Free Press.
Ma, G. (2015). Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 2, 195-199.
Manstead, A. S. R., & McCullock, C. (1981). Sex-role stereotyping in British television advertisements. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 171-80.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Mayring, P. H. (1983.) Qualitative inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und techniken. Deutscher Studien Verlag.
-------------------- (2000). Qualitative inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und techniken (7th edition). Deutscher Studien Verlag.
McIntosh, W. D., Bazzini, D. G., Smith, S. M., & Wayne, S. M. (1998). Who smokes in Hollywood? Characteristics of smokers in popular ﬁlms from 1940 to 1989. Addictive behaviors, 23, 395-398.
Moschis, G. P., & Moore, R. L. (1982). A longitudinal study of television advertising effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 279-286.
Nanda, S. & Warms, R. (2002). Cultural anthoropology. Wadsworth.
Ogihara, Y., & Uchida, Y. (2014). Does individualism bring happiness? Negative effects of individualism on interpersonal relationships and happiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 135.
Oishi, S., Kesebir, S., Miao, F. F., Talhelm, T., Endo, Y., Uchida, Y., Shibanai, Y., & Norasakkunkit, V. (2013). Residential mobility increases motivation to expand social network: But why? J. Exp. Soc. Psychol, 49, 217-223.
Palmer, G. (2004). Class and transformation in lifestyle television. Understanding reality television. Routledge Taylor & Francis.
Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2005). Interpersonal consequences of seeking self-esteem. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull, 31, 1587-1598.
Poepsel, M. (2018). Media, society, culture and you. Rebus Community.
Powell, H., & Prasad, S. (2010). As seen on TV. The celebrity expert: How taste is shaped by lifestyle media. Cultural Politics, 6(1), 111-124.
Puggelli, F. R., & Bertolotti, M. (2014). Healthy and unhealthy food in Italian television ads for adults and children. Young Consumers, 15(1), 58- 67.
Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Baskar, A. D. S., Mary, S., Kumar, C. S., Selvam, S., & Vijay, V. (2004). Emporal changes in prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance associated with lifestyle transition occurring in the rural population in India. Diabetologia, 47(5), 860-865.
Rantanen, T., & Jiménez-Martínez, C. (2019). Globalisation and the media. CRC Press.
Razaghi, R., Nouraei, M., Hosseini, Z., & Mousavi, M. (2016). Methods for promoting Islamic lifestyle in media (TV). Second National Media Conference on Communication and Citizenship Education.
Scholliers, P. (2001). Food, drink and identity. Cooking, eating and drinking in Europe since the middle ages. Bloomsbury Academy.
Sobal, J. (1999). Social change and foodways [Conference Paper]. Proceedings of the Cultural and Historical Aspects of Food Symposium. Corvallis, Oregon State University.
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally speaking: Culture, communication and politeness theory. Continuum.
Stockwell, T. F., & Glantz, S. A. (1997). Tobacco use is increasing in popular ﬁlms. Tobacco Control, 6, 282-284.
Stollfuß, S. (2018). Between television, web and social media: On social TV, About: Kate and participatory production in German Public Television. Participations, 15(1), 36-59.
Story, M., & French, S. (2004). Food advertising and marketing directed at children and adolescents in the U.S. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 1(3).
Tamir, Y. (1993). Liberal nationalism. Princeton University Press.
Tate, J., & Cade., J. (1990). Public knowledge of dietary fat and coronary heart disease. Health Education Journal, 49, 32-5.
Taylor, L. (2002). From ways of life to lifestyle the ‘ordinari-ization’ of British gardening lifestyle television. European Journal of Communication, 17(4), 479-493.
Timothy D. J., & Ron. A. S. (2013). Understanding heritage cuisines and tourism: Identity, image, authenticity, and change. Heritage Tourism, 8(2-3), 99-104.
Tirasawasdichai, T., Obrenovic, B., & Alsharif H. H. Z. (2022). The impact of TV series consumption on cultural knowledge: An empirical study based on gratification-cultivation theory. Front. Psychol, 13(1061850). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061850
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
Tsoy, D., Tirasawasdichai, T., and Kurpayanidi, K. I. (2021). Role of social media in shaping public risk perception during covid-19 pandemic: A theoretical review. Int J. Manag. Sci. Business Admin, 7, 35-41. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.72.1005
Tucker, K. E. (1998). Anthony Giddens and modern social theory. Sage Publication Ltd.
Turow, J. (2009). Media today: An introduction to mass communications. Routledge.
Vadadhir, A., Cheqlund, M., Rafifar, J., & Omidvar, N. (2014). Traditional local food system: Anthropological research among the lak people in rural and tribal areas of lorestan province. Rural Development, 6(1).
Wakeﬁeld, M., Flay, B., Nichter, M., & Giovino, G. (2003). Role of the media in inﬂuencing trajectories of youth smoking. Addiction, 98(1), 79-103.
Wei, D., & Rafael, Â. (2021). Digital art and the belt and road initiative: Opportunities, challenges and perspectives. Revista De Direito Internacional, 17(238). https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v17i3.7238
Wei, R., & Pan, Z. (1999). Mass media and consumerism values in the people's republic of China. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 11(1), 75-96.
Wiegand, M., Roth, B., & Klakow, D. (2012). Knowledge acquisition with natural language processing in the food domain: potential and challenges [Conference Paper]. Proceedings of the ECAI Workshop on Cooking with Computers (pp. 46-51).
Wright, W., Ransom, E., & Tanak, K. (2005). The all American meal: Constructing confidence in the case of BSE. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 13(2), 95-115.
Zhao, Y. & Chakravartty, P. (2007). Global communications: Toward a transcultural political economy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.