Küresel Siyasette Moskova’nın Farklı Yüzleri: Covid-19 Salgını ile Mücadele ve Sputnik V

Rusya, küresel siyasette olumlu rol oynayan, başarılı ve sorumlu bir güç olduğu söylemi ile Batı’nın normatif üstünlüğüne meydan okumaktadır. Buna paralel olarak, Sputnik V aşısını bir başarı hikayesi olarak anlatan Moskova, uluslararası alandaki imajını güçlendirirken, rejimini antidemokratik ve yetersiz olmakla eleştirenlere cevap vermektedir. Neticede, Rus anlatısının kabul görmesi, dış politikasına ve stratejik kültürüne küresel anlamda duyulan sempatinin artması demektir. Ne var ki, bu anlatı herkese inandırıcı gelmemektedir. Rusya’yı saldırgan ve revizyonist bir devlet olarak tanımlayanlara göre, Rusya’nın gücünü artıracağı herhangi bir hamleye izin vermek hatadır. Bu çalışma öncelikle otoriter ve demokratik rejimlerin pandemi ile mücadelesini kıyaslamaktadır. İkinci bölümde pandemi dönemi Rus dış politikası üzerine üç farklı anlatı - revizyonist, yardımsever ve pragma-tist - incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Rusya, Covid-19 Pandemisi, İmaj, Anlatı, Sputnik V

Different Faces of Moscow in Global Politics: Fighting against the Covid-19 Pandemic and Sputnik V

Russia challenges Western normative superiority by claiming that it is a successful and responsible great power that plays a positive role in global politics. In this regard, the Russian image is strengthened through a success story over the Sputnik V vaccine. It is a response to the criticisms that its regime is undemocratic and inadequate. The acceptance of the Russian narrative means increased sympathy to Russian foreign policy and strategical culture. This narrative, however, is not convincing for everyone. According to another perspective, Russia is an inherently aggressive and revisionist state. This study firstly compares the struggle of authoritarian and democratic regimes against the pandemic. Afterwards, three different narratives regarding Russian foreign policy during the pandemic – revisionist, responsible and pragmatist - are analyzed.

Keywords:

Russia, Covid-19 Pandemic, Image, Narrative, Sputnik V,

PDF

___

Aljazeera. (2020, 29 Aralık). Argentina Begins COVID Vaccine Campaign with Russian Shots. Erişim adresi https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/29/argentina-begins-vaccine-campaign-with-russias-sputnik-v
Blank, S. ve Kim, Y. (2016). Economic Warfare a la Russe: The Energy Weapon and Russian National Security Strategy. The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 30 (1), 1-39.
BBC. (2021, 18 Ocak). Covid vaccine: WHO warns of ‘catastrophic moral failure’. Erişim adresi https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55709428
Chassany, A. (2021, 10 Şubat). The West Should Pay Attention to Russia and China’s Vaccine Diplomacy. Financial Times. Erişim adresi
https://www.ft.com/content/c20b92f0-d670-47ea-a217-add1d6ef2fbd
Collis, H. ve Martuscelli, C. (2021, 17 Şubat). Russia’s ‘geopolitical’ vaccine: Is Sputnik too good to be true? Erişim adresi https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-sputnik-geopolitical-coronavirus-vaccine/
Dudik, A. (2021, 1 Mart). Russian Vaccine Gets Second EU Buyer as Slovakia Seals Order. Erişim adresi https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-01/eu-member-slovakia-to-get-2-million-doses-of-russian-vaccine
Engström, E. (2014). Contemporary Russian Messianism and New Russian Foreign Policy. Contemporary Security Policy, 35 (3), 356-379.
Foxall, A. (2019). From Evropa to Gayropa: A Critical Geopolitics of the European Union as Seen from Russia. Geopolitics, 24 (1), 174-193.
Frenkel, Sh., Abi-Habib, M., Barnes, J. E. (2021, 5 Şubat). Russian Campaign Promotes Homegrown Vaccine and Undercuts Rivals, The New York Times. Erişim adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/05/technology/russia-covid-vaccine-disinformation.html
Istomin, I. (2021). Institutional Revisionism in International Politics: The Product of Rising, the Child of Decline or Something Else?, Valdai Discussion Club Report, Moscow, 1-40.
Karaganov, S. ve Suslov V. D. (2018, 4 Ekim). A New World Order: A View from Russia. Russia in Global Affairs. Erişim adresi https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/a-new-world-order-a-view-from-russia/
Kennan, G. F. (1947). The Sources of Soviet Conduct. Foreign Affairs, 25 (4), 566-582.
Kowalewski, M. (2020). Street Protests in Times of COVID-19: Adjusting Tactics and Marching ‘as usual’. Social Movement Studies, 1-8.
Kotkin, S. (2016). Russia's Perpetual Geopolitics: Putin Returns to the Historical Pattern. Foreign Affairs, 95 (3), 2-9.
Laruelle, M. (2015). The ‘Russian World’: Russia’s Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination. Center on Global Interests, Washington, 1-29.
Light, F. ve Sauer, P. (2021, 19 Şubat). Looming Supply Glut of Russia’s Sputnik V Vaccine Could Pave Way for Exports. Erişim adresi https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/02/19/looming-supply-glut-of-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine-could-pave-way-for-exports-a73019
Lomsadze, G. (2021, 12 Ocak). Caucasus Vaccine Effort Infected with Geopolitics. Erişim adresi https://eurasianet.org/caucasus-vaccine-effort-infected-with-geopolitics
Mearsheimer, J. (2014 Eylül/Ekim). Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault: The Liberal Delusions that Provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs, 93(5), 77-89.
Miskimmon, A., O’Loughlin B. ve Roselle L. (2013). Strategic Narratives: Communication Power and the New World Order. New York: Routledge.
Mölder, H. ve Sazonov, V. (2020). The Kremlin’s Strategic Narratives on the Baltic States During the COVID-19 Crisis. The Bellona Quarterly, 703 (4), 35-54.
Pieper, M. (2020). Russkii Mir: The Geopolitics of Russian Compatriots Abroad. Geopolitics, 25 (3), 756-779.
Reuters. (2020, 28 Aralık). EU's Borrell Accuses Russia of Spreading COVID-19 Disinformation to Sell its Vaccine. Erişim adresi https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-eu-russia-idUSKBN2921EI
Reuters. (2021, 10 Şubat). Ukraine Formally Bans Registration of Russian COVID-19 Vaccines. Erişim adresi https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-ukraine-russia-idUSL1N2KG2EZ
Reuters. (2021, 13 Mayıs). Maldives Approves Russia's Sputnik V COVID-19 Vaccine. Erişim adresi https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-russia-maldiv-idUSR4N2MN00D
RIA. (2021, 25 Ocak). Prezident Meksiki nazval vaktsinu ‘Sputnik V’ uspehom rossiyskoy nauki. Erişim adresi https://ria.ru/20210125/vaktsina-1594555913.html
Sputnikvaccine. (2021, 7 Mart). Sputnik V Authorized in North Macedonia. Erişim adresi https://sputnikvaccine.com/newsroom/pressreleases/sputnik-v-authorized-in-north-macedonia/
Tanner, J. (2021, 17 Şubat). Estonia Report: Russia Bets on COVID-19 Weakening the West. Erişim adresi https://apnews.com/article/europe-estonia-coronavirus-pandemic-covid-19-pandemic-europe-fbfc55618c3c26fecb5c966cf979f53d
TASS. (2020, 11 Aralık). Visible to the Naked Eye: Kremlin Slams Big Pharma’s Ploy to Smear Russia’s COVID Vaccine. Erişim adresi https://tass.com/politics/1234019
TASS. (2020, 30 Aralık). West Obstructs Fighting COVID Pandemic in ‘Undesirable’ Countries, Lavrov Says. Erişim adresi https://tass.com/politics/1241325
TASS. (2021, 29 Ocak). Serbia Receives New Shipment of Russia’s Sputnik V COVID-19 Vaccine. Erişim adresi https://tass.com/world/1250317
TASS. (2021, 3 Şubat). ‘Way over the top’: Lavrov Lambasts West’s Hysteria over Navalny Case. Erişim adresi https://tass.com/politics/1252255.
The Baltic Times (2021, 8 Mart). Russia's Sputnik V Vaccine is Part of Hybrid War - Zelensky's Adviser in Vilnius - BNS Interview. Erişim adresi
https://www.baltictimes.com/russia_s_sputnik_v_vaccine_is_part_of_hybrid_war___zelensky_s_adviser_in_vilnius_-_bns_interview/
The Moscow Times. (2020, 15 Aralık). Oliver Stone Receives Russian Coronavirus Vaccine Despite Age Concerns. Erişim adresi
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/12/15/oliver-stone-receives-russian-coronavirus-vaccine-despite-age-concerns-a72355
Toal, G. (2017). Near Abroad: Putin, the West and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Twohey, M, Collins, K. ve Thomas, K. (2020, 15 Aralık ). With First Dibs on Vaccines, Rich Countries Have ‘Cleared the Shelves’. The New York Times. Erişim adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/us/coronavirus-vaccine-doses-reserved.html
Tyushka, A. (2021). Weaponizing Narrative: Russia Contesting EUrope’s Liberal Identity, Power and Hegemony. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1883561