ULUSLARARASI İNSANCIL HUKUKA RİAYETİN SAĞLANMASINDA ULUSLARARASI MEKANİZMALAR

Uluslararası barış ve güvenliğin sağlanmasında ve insan haklarının korunmasında en büyük engellerden bir tanesi silahlı çatışmalardır. Silahlı çatışmalar sırasında çatışmaya hiç katılmamış ya da çatışma dışı kalmış kişilerin korunması uluslararası insancıl hukuku oluş turan 1949 Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Sözleşmelere Ek 1977 tarihli iki Protokolde düzenlenmiştir. Söz konusu kişilerin haklarını güvence altına almak adına getirilen koruma sisteminin daha iyi işlemesi için Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokollerde uluslararası mekanizmalar öngörülmüştür. Kuvvet kullanımının yasaklandığı günümüzde, uluslararası olsun veya olmasın silahlı çatışmalar varlığını sürdürürken bu çatışmalar sırasında uluslararası insancıl hukukun uygulanması için kullanılabilecek ve başvurulabilecek mekanizmaların neler olduğu daha iyi anlaşılmalı ve bu mekanizmalar işler hale getirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Uluslararası insancıl hukuk, Koruma sistemi, Koruyucu Güç, Kızılhaç, Uluslararası Olayları Saptama İnsani Komisyonu, Birleşmiş Milletler

International Mechanisms in The Enforcement Of International Humanitarian Law

One of the biggest obstacles in ensuring international peace and security and protecting human rights is armed conflicts. The protection of persons who have never participated in or been out of conflict during armed conflict is regulated in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the two Additional Protocols to the Conventions of 1977, which constitute international humanitarian law. International mechanisms are envisaged in the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols for the better functioning of the system of protection introduced to secure the rights of the persons in question. In the contemporary world order, where the use of force is prohibited, both international and national armed conflicts continue to exist. The mechanisms that can be used and applied for the implementation of international humanitarian law during these conflicts should be better understood and these mechanisms should be made operational.

Keywords:

International humanitarian law, The system of protection, Protecting Power, Red Cross, The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission, United Nations.,

PDF

___

“Facts and Figures for ICRC Activities in Syria for 2021” https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-activities-syria-annualreport-2021 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2022)
“Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949”, Vol. IIB https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Dipl-Conf- 1949-Final_Vol-2-B.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2022). “IHFFC has proposed its services [10/03/2022]”, “Ethiopia: IHFFC has proposed its services [21/01/2021]” https://www.ihffc.org/index.asp?Language=EN&page=news(Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2022).
“Ukraine: Massive, urgent response needed to meet soaring needs” https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ukraine-massive-urgentresponse-needed-meet-soaring-needs (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2022)
“Yemen: Annual Activity Report 2021” https://www.icrc.org/en/document/yemen-annual-activity-report-2021 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2022).
Aksar Yusuf, Teoride ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk 2, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2019.
Arsava Füsun, “Egemenlik ve Koruma Sorumluluğu”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15/1 (2011) 101-124.
Birleşmiş Milletler, Viyana Antlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, 23 Mayıs 1969, UNTS, vol. 1155, p. 331.
Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı (Kanun No: 4801) Resmî Gazete 6092 (24 Ağustos 1945) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/6092.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2022).
Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Denk Erdem, Uluslararası Örgütler Hukuku Birleşmiş Milletler Sistemi, Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi, 2019.
Dörmann Knut and Jose Serralvo, “Common Article 1 to the Geneva Conventions and the Obligation to Prevent International Humanitarian Law Violations”, International Review of the Red Cross, 96 (2014) 707-736.
Dülger Kenan, Devletin Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun İhlalinden Doğan Sorumluluğu, İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi, 2015.
Federal Court of Canada, Daniel Turp. v. Minister of Foreign Affairs, [2017] 4 F.C.R. 216.
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, “UN General Assembly Resolutions Referencing R2P” 19 July 2021 https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/un-general-assemblyresolutions-referencing-r2p-2/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2022).
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, “UN Human Rights Council Resolutions Referencing R2P” 26 July 2021 https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/un-human-rightscouncil-resolutions referencing-r2p/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2022).
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, “UN Security Council Resolutions and Presidential Statements Referencing R2P” 18 October 2021 https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/unsecurity-council-resolutions-and-presidential-statementsreferencing-r2p/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2022).
Humanitarian Law Violations”, International Review of the Red Cross, 96 (2014) 707-736.
Hancılar Özhan, “2011 Libya Müdahalesi ve Uluslararası Hukuk”, Çankaya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1/1 (2016).
ICISS, “The Responsibility to Protect”, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 2001.
ICJ, Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgement of 27 June 1986.
ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in The Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004.
ICRC, “ICRC Q&A and Lexicon on Humanitarian Access” International Review of the Red Cross 96/893 (2014) 359–375.
ICRC, “Commentary of 2020 Article 1: Respect for The Convention”, https://ihldatabases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocu ment&documentId=24FD06B3D73973D5C125858400462538 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2022).
ICRC, “Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949; Commentary of 1987 Material Field of Application”, https://ihldatabases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=15781C741BA1D4DCC12563CD00439E89 (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2021).
IHFFC, “International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission- The IHFFC in a few words”, https://www.ihffc.org/index.asp?Language=EN&page=aboutus_general (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2022).
IHFFC, “Report of the International Fact-Finding Commission 1991 –1996”, 1996, https://www.ihffc.org/Files/en/pdf/report-1996-en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2022).
IHFFC, Presidential Report on Activities of the Commission 2021, 2021 https://www.ihffc.org/Images/am-2022-05-en-presidentialreport-2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2022).
Kalshoven Frits, "The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission Established by the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions" içinde Reflections on the Law of War, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2007, 843-857.
Kalshoven Frits, "The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission: Its Birth and Early Years" içinde Reflections on the Law of War, (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2007) 793-808.
Kalshoven Frits, "The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission: A Sleeping Beauty?". In Reflections on the Law of War, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2007, 835-842.
Keskin Funda, “İnsancıl Müdahale: 1999 Kosova ve 2003 Irak Sonrası Durum”, Uluslararası İlişkiler 3/12 (2006-2007) 49-70.
Levie Howard S., “Prisoners of War and the Protecting Power” The American Journal of International Law, 55/ 2 (1961) 29-52.
Melzer Nils, International Humanitarian Law: A Comprehensive Introduction, Geneva: ICRC, 2016. Niyungeko Gérard, “The Implementation of International Humanitarian Law and The Principle of State Sovereignty’, International Review of the Red Cross, 31/281 (1991) 707-736.
Öktem A. Emre, Terörizm İnsancıl Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları, İstanbul: Derin Yayınları, 2011.
Pfanner Toni, “Various Mechanisms and Approaches for Implementing International Humanitarian Law and Protecting and Assisting War Victims’, International Review of the Red Cross, 91/874 (2009) 279-328.
Pictet Jean S. (ed.), Commentary I Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Geneva: ICRC, 1952.
Protocol Additional (I) to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.
Protocol Additional (II) to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts 8 June 1977.
Protocol Additional (III) to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem 8 December 2005.
Robson Verity, “The Common Approach to Article 1: The Scope of Each State’s Obligation to Ensure Respect for the Geneva Conventions”, Journal of Conflıct and Securıty Law 25/1 (2020) 101-115.
Schmitt Michael N. & Sean Watts, “Common Article 1 and the Duty to “Ensure Respect,”” International Law Studies 96 (2020) 674-706.
Shaw Malcolm N., International Law, New York: Cambride University Press, 2008. Tütüncü Ayşe Nur, İnsancıl Hukuka Giriş, İstanbul: Beta Basım, 2019.
UN General Assembly, 2005 World Summit Outcome 16 September 2005, A/RES/60/1.
UN Security Council Press Statement on Libya 22 February 2011 SC/10180-AFR/2120.
UN Security Council Resolution 1674 (2006) 28 April 2006 S/RES/1674.
UN Security Council Resolution 1970 (2011) 26 February 2011 S/RES/1970.
UN Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011) 17 March 2011 S/RES/1973.
Uzun Elif, Uluslararası Hukukta Andlaşmaların Esaslı İhlal Nedeniyle Sona Erdirilmesi ve Askıya Alınması, İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2013.