PAZARLAMADA PARADİGMA DEĞİŞİMİ : GİRİŞİMCİ PAZARLAMA

Günümüz ekonomilerin temel taşlarını oluşturan küçük işletmelerin, büyük işletmelere göre farklı yapıya ve özelliklere sahip olmalarından dolayı, pazarlama faaliyetlerinde geleneksel pazarlama anlayışından farklı olarak ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilecek, yapılarına uygun pazarlama faaliyetleri yürütmeleri gerekmektedir. Girişimcilik küçük işletmelerin sahip olabilecekleri etkin bir yetenek olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu noktada, küçük işletmelerin başarısı pazarlama ve girişimcilik arasındaki ilgiyi kurmalarına, pazarlama ve girişimcilik faaliyetlerini etkin bir şekilde yerine getirmelerine bağlı olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda yürütülen girişimci pazarlama faaliyetleri, pazarlama ve girişimciliğin arasındaki teorik yapıyı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada girişimci pazarlama kavramsal olarak açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı; girişimcilik ve pazarlama ara yüzünün, birbirleri ile olan etkileşiminin, pazarlamadaki paradigmal değişimin, girişimci pazarlamanın gelişiminin ve girişimci pazarlama kavramının geleneksel pazarlama ile arasındaki farkların açıklanmaya çalışılmasıdır. Yapılan çalışmanın, girişimci pazarlama alanında literatüre katkı sağlayacağı ve gelecekte bu alanda yapılacak olan çalışmalara ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Girişimcilik, Pazarlama, Değişim

PARADIGMATIC CHANGE IN MARKETING: ENTREPRENEURIAL MARKETING

Small businesses, constituent the cornerstones of today’s economy, because of their different structure and properties as far as large enterprises, in their marketing activities, as opposed to traditional marketing methods, they required to carry out the appropriate marketing activities. Entrepreneurship must be considered as an effective ability which small businesses may have. At this point, the success of small businesses depends on establish a relationship between marketing and entrepreneurship and fulfill marketing and entrepreneurial activity effectively. In this context, entrepreneurial marketing activities are a theoretical construct at the nexus between marketing and entrepreneurship. In this study, entrepreneurial marketing has explained conceptually. The purpose of this paper is to explain paradigmatic change in marketing, marketing and entrepreneurship interface and interaction between them, evolution of entrepreneurial marketing and comparison of conventional marketing and entrepreneurial marketing. The study will shed light on future studies in this area and will contribute to the literature in the field of entrepreneurial marketing

___

  • Aytaç, Ö. ve İlhan, S. (2007), “Girişimcilik ve Girişimci Kültür: Sosyolojik Bir Perspektif”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı: 18.
  • Bäckbrö, J. and Nyström, H. (2006),“Entrepreneurial marketing: Innovative valuecreation”, Jönköping, Master Thesis.
  • Başol, O. (2010),“Girişimci Kadın Ve Erkeklerin Başarı Algısındaki Farklılıklar: Küçük Ölçekli İşletmelerde Bursa İli Örneği”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Anabilim Dalı Çalışma Ekonomisi Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Bateman, T.S., Crant, J.M. (1993), “ The Proactive Component of Organizational Behavior : A Measure and Correlates”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume 14, No:2, March, pp:103-118.
  • Bjerke, B. ve Hultman, C.M. (2002), “Entrepreneurial Marketing: TheGrowth of Small Firms in The New EconomicEra”, Edward Elgar.
  • Blenker, P. (2001), “From Principle to Context- or Context to Principle”, Working Paper No: 2000- 23, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
  • Burns, P. (2001), “Entrepreneurshipand Small Business”, PalgraveMacmillan.
  • Buskirk, B.D. ve Lavik, M. (2004), “EntrepreneurialMarketing”, South Western.
  • Calantone, R. J. S., Çavuşgil, T. ve Zhao, Y. (2002), “Learning Orientation, FirmInnovationCapability, andFirmPerformance”, Industrial Marketing Management, Volume:31, Issue:6, pp: 515-524.
  • Carson, D, ve Coviello, N. (1996), “Qualitative research issues at the marketing/ entrepreneurship interface”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume:14, Issue:6, pp: 51–58.
  • Carson, D., Cromie, S., McGowan, P. ve Hill, J. (1995), “Marketing andEntrepreneurship in SMEs: An InnovativeApproach”, London: PrenticeHall.
  • Collinson, E. ve Shaw, E. (2001), “Entrepreneurial marketing–a historical perspective on development and practice”, Management Decision, Volume 39, Issue:9, pp. 761–766.
  • Cristina, S. (2011), “The marketing entrepreneurship and the SMEs competitiveness”, Journal Of Knowledge Management, Economics And Information Technology, Volume:1, Issue No:2.
  • Davis, D., Morris, M. ve Allen J. (1991), “Perceived Environmental Turbulence and its Effect on Selected Entrepreneurship, Marketing and Organizational Characteristics in Industrial Firms,” Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, Winter91, Volume:19, Issue:1, pp. 43- 51.
  • Demiroğlu, Y. (2007), “Firma Davranışı Olarak Girişimcilik”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Dickson, P. R. ve Giglierano, J. J. (1986), “Missing the boat and sinking the boat: A conceptual model of entrepreneurial risk”, Journal of Marketing, Volume: 50, Issue:3, July, pp:58-70.
  • Duus, H.J. (1997), “Economic foundations for an entrepreneurial marketingconcept”, Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp.287-305.
  • Erkan, İ. (2012), “Pazarlama Zekası ve Girişimcilik”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Pazarlama Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Frese, M. (1995), “ Entrepreneurship in East Europe: Ageneral Model and Empirical Findings in C.L. Cooper & D.M. Rousseau (Eds.)”, Trends in Organizational Behavior, pp:65-83
  • Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., ve Zempel, J. (1996), “Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany”, Academy of Management Journal, Volume: 39, Issue: 1, pp: 37 – 63.
  • Hamşioğlu, A.B. (2006), “Değişin İş Dünyasında Girişimci Pazarlama: Türk İlaç Sanayi Uygulamalarının ve Birleştirici Bir Model Çalışmasının Değerlendirilmesi”, Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Hills, G., Shrader, R., Lumpkin, G.T. (1999), “Opportunity Recognition as a Creative Process”, P. Reynolds, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson Park, MA: Babson College, pp:216-227.
  • Hills, G.E. ve Singh, R.P. (2000), “Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface”, U.S., University of Illinois at Chicago.
  • Hills, G. ve Hultman, C. (2011), “Academic roots : the past andpresent of entrepreneurial marketing”, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Volume: 24:1, pp: 1-10.
  • Hills, G. and Hultman, C. (2005), “Marketing, Entrepreneurship and SMES: Knowledge and education revisite”, Paper presented at the Academy of Marketing Special Interest Group on Entrepreneurial and SME Marketing, Southampton, UK, January.
  • Hills, G., Hultman, M.C. (2006), “Entrepreneurial Marketing”, Rencontres in St. Gallen Conference, Understanding the Regulatory Climate For Entrepreneurship And SMEs. Topic C, p: 219-234.
  • Hills, G.E., Hultman, C., Miles, M. (2008), ”The Evolution and Develpoment of Entrepreneurial Marketing”, Journal of Small Business Management, Volume: 46, No:1, pp: 99-112.
  • Hills, G.E., Hultman, C.M. and Kraus, S. and Schulte, R. (2010), “History, theory and evidence of entrepreneurial marketing – an overview”, Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, Volume: 11, No: 1, pp. 3-18.
  • Hisrich, R.D. (1990), “Entrepreneurship / Intrapreneurship”, American Psychologist, Volume:45, pp: 209-222.
  • Ionita, D., (2012), “Entrepreneurıal Marketıng: A New ApproachFor Challengıng Times”, Management & Marketing Challenges for the Knowledge Society, Volume: 7, No: 1, pp: 131-150.
  • Jaworski, B.J. ve Kohli, A.K. (1993), “Marketing Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences”, Journal of Marketing, Volume :57, July, pp. 53-71.
  • Jones, R. ve Rowley, J. (2011), “Entrepreneurial Marketing in Small Businesses: A Conceptual Exploration”, International Small Business Journal, Volume: 29, Issue:1, pp: 25–36.
  • Kao, J.J. (1989), “Entrepreneurship, Creativity, and Organization : Text, Cases, and Readings”, Prentice Hall PTR.
  • Koçak, A. ve Özer, A. (2005), “Küçük İşletmeler Pazarlamanın Neresinde?: Pazar Odaklılık ve İlişkiselPazarlama”, Pazarlama ve İletişim Kültürü Dergisi, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 14, s:14-26.
  • Kolabi, A.M., Hosseini, H.K., Mehrabi, R., Salamzadeh, A. (2011), “Developing Entrepreneurial Marketing Mix: Case Study of Entrepreneurial Food Enterprises in Iran”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, August, Issue:5.
  • Kotler, P. (2003), “Marketing Management”, 11th. Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ.
  • Krauss, S.I., Frese, M., Friedrich, C., Unger, J.M. (2005), “Entrepreneurial orientation: A psychological model of success among southern African small business owners”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Volume:14, Issue:3, pp:315-344
  • Kraus, S., Harms, R. and Fink, M. (2010), “Entrepreneurial marketing: moving beyond marketing in new ventures”, Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, Vol. 11,No. 1, pp. 19-34.
  • Kurgun, H., Bağıran, D., Özeren, E., Maral, B. (2011), “ Entrepreneurial Marketing - The Interface between Marketing and Entrepreneurship : A Qualitative Research on Boutique Hotels”, European Journal of Social Sciences, Volume: 26, No:3, pp:340-357.
  • Littunen, H. (2000), “Entrepreneurship and the Characteristics of the Entrepreneurial Personality”, International Journal of Entrepreneuria/ Behavior &Research, Volume: 6, No:6, pp:295-299.
  • Lodish, L.M., Morgan, H.L. ve Kallianpur, A. (2001), “Entrepreneurial Marketing: LessonsfromWhartonısPioneering MBA Course”, John Wiley&Sons, Kanada.
  • Loos, J.A.A. ve Coulthard, M. (2005), “The Impact Of Entrepreneurial Orientation On The Australian Automotive Components Industry”, Working Paper 17/05, April 2005, Departmant of Management Working Paper Series, ISSN 1327-5216.
  • Lumpkin, G.T. ve Dess, G.G. (1996), “Clarifying The Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Performence”, Academy of Management Review, Volume:21, Issue:1, pp:135-172.
  • Lumpkin, G.T. ve Dess, G.G. (1997), “Proactiveness Versus Competitive Aggressiveness: Teasing Apart Key Dimensions of an Entrepreneurial Orientation”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1997, pp. 47-58, Babson Park, MA: Babson College.
  • Lumpkin, G.T., Cogliser, C.C., Schneider, D.R. (2009), “Understanding and Measuring Autonomy: An Entrepreneurial Orientation Perspective”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Volulem: 33, Issue: 1, pp. 47-69, January.
  • Marangoz, M. (2012), “Girişimcilik”, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Miles, M.P. ve Arnold, D.R. (1991), “The Relationship between Marketing Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientation”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Volume:15, Issue: 4 (Summer), pp. 49-65.
  • Miller, D. (1983), “The correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms”, Management Science, Volume :29, Issue:7, pp:770-791.
  • Miller, D. ve Friesen, P.H. (1982), “Innovation in Conservative and Entrepreneurial Firms: Two Models of Strategic Momentum”, Strategic Management Journal,Volume:3, Issue:1,pp: 1–25.
  • Miles, M.P., Darroch, J. (2008), “A Commentary on Current Research at The Marketing and Entrepreneurship Interface”, Journal Of Small Business Management, Volume:46, No:1, pp:46-49.
  • Morris, M. H. ve Paul, G.W. (1987), “The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship and Marketing in Established Firms”, Journal of Business Venturing, Volume:2, Issue:3, Summer, pp:247-259.
  • Morris, M.H., Schindehutte, M. ve La Forge, R.W. (2002), “Entrepreneurial marketing: a construct for integrating emerging entrepreneurship and marketing perspectives”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Volume: 10, No: 4, pp. 1–19.
  • Morris, M.H., Schindehutte, M., Laforge, R.W (2004), “The Emergence of Entrep- reneurial Marketing: Nature and Meaning”, Chapter in Entrepreneurship: The Way Ahead, Editor: Harold P. Welsch, Routledge, pp: 91-115.
  • Naktiyok, A. ve Timuroğlu, M.K. (2008), “Öğrenme Yönlülüğün Müşteri Yönlülük Üzerine Etkileri”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:30, Ocak-Haziran, Sayfa: 169-192.
  • Shaw, E. (2004), “Marketing in the social enterprise context: is it entrepreneurial?”, Qualitative Market Research, Volume: 7, Issue: 3, pp: 194-205.
  • Slater, S.F. ve Narver, J.C. (1995), “Market Orientation and The Learning Organization”, Journal of Marketing, Volume:59, July, pp:63-74.
  • Srivastava, K. R., Shervani, A. T. ve Fahey, L. (1998), “Market- Based Assets and Shareholder Value: A Framework for Analysis”, Journal of Marketing, Volume:62, Issue: 1, pp: 2-18.
  • Stokes, D. (2000), “Entrepreneurial marketing: a conceptualisation from qualitative research”, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Volume: 3 Issue: 1 pp. 47 – 54.
  • Stokes, D. (2000a), “Putting entrepreneurship into marketing: the processes of entrepreneurial marketing”, Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship 2, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
  • Tekeli, H. (2001), “Turizm Pazarlaması ve Planlaması”, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Ulusoy, R. (2010), “Piyasada Belirsizliğin Giderilmesinde Girişimciliğin Rolü”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Cilt:19, Sayı: 1, Sayfa: 69 – 80.
  • Ünlü, B. (2006), “Yeni Ürün Geliştirme Süreci ve Türkiye Toz Tatlı Pazarında Bir Uygulama”, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü İşletme Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı İşletme Mühendisliği Programı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Zehir, C ve Eren, M. Ş. (2007), “Field Research on Impacts of Some Organizational Factors on Corporate Entrepreneurship and Business Performance in the Turkish Automotive Industry”, Journal ofAmerican Academy of Business, Volume:10, Issue:2, pp: 170-176.