The Nexus Between Tourism, Environmental Degradation and Economic Growth
This study analyzes the impact of tourism on environmental degradation for 32 OECD countries employing panel estimation techniques taking into consideration cross-sectional dependence. The test results demonstrate that tourism and economic growth enhance CO2 emissions in these countries. The Emirmahmutoglu-Kose panel Granger causality test show that unidirectional association running from tourism to CO2 emissions exists in OECD countries. For individual countries, bidirectional association between tourism and CO2 emissions for Canada, a unidirectional association from tourism to CO2 emissions for Chile, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, and United States exists. Bidirectional relationship is also confirmed between tourist arrivals and GDP for Austria, Germany, and Slovak Republic. Moreover, unidirectional causality is found from tourist arrivals to GDP for Colombia, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, and Spain.
___
- Akadiri, S. S., & Akadiri, A. C. (2019). Examining the causal
relationship between tourism, exchange rate, and economic
growth in tourism island states: evidence from second-
generation panel. International Journal of Hospitality
& Tourism Administration, 1-16.
- Akadiri, S. S., Alola, A. A., & Uzuner, G. (2020a). Economic policy
uncertainty and tourism: evidence from the heterogeneous
panel. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(20), 2507-2514.
- Akadiri, S. S., Lasisi, T. T., Uzuner, G., & Akadiri, A. C. (2020b).
Examining the causal impacts of tourism, globalization,
economic growth and carbon emissions in tourism island
territories: bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis.
Current Issues in Tourism, 23(4), 470-484.
- Alam, M. S., & Paramati, S. R. (2016). The impact of tourism on
income inequality in developing economies: Does Kuznets
curve hypothesis exist?. Annals of Tourism Research, 61,
111-126.
- Alola, A. A., Eluwole, K. K., Alola, U. V., Lasisi, T. T., & Avci, T. (2019).
Environmental quality and energy import dynamics.
Management of Environmental Quality: An International
Journal, 31, 665– 682.
- Aslan, A. (2014). Tourism development and economic growth
in the Mediterranean countries: Evidence from panel
Granger causality tests. Current issues in Tourism, 17(4),
363-372.
- Azam, M., Alam, M. M., & Hafeez, M. H. (2018). Effect of tourism
on environmental pollution: Further evidence from Malaysia,
Singapore and Thailand. Journal of cleaner production,
190, 330-338.
- Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jorda, M. (2002). Tourism as a longrun
economic growth factor: the Spanish case. Applied
economics, 34(7), 877-884.
- Balli, E., Sigeze, C., Manga, M., Birdir, S., & Birdir, K. (2019). The relationship
between tourism, CO2 emissions and economic
growth: a case of Mediterranean countries. Asia Pacific
Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 219-232.
- Becken, S. (2013). A review of tourism and climate change as
an evolving knowledge domain. Tourism Management
Perspectives, 6, 53-62.
- Becken, S., & Patterson, M. (2006). Measuring national carbon
dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards
achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable
Tourism, 14(4), 323–338.
- Becken, S., & Simmons, D. G. (2002). Understanding energy
consumption patterns of tourist attractions and activities
in New Zealand. Tourism Management, 23(4), 343–354.
- Ben Jebli, M., & Hadhri, W. (2018). The dynamic causal links
between CO2 emissions from transport, real GDP, energy
use and international tourism. International Journal of
Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 25(6), 568-577.
- Brahmasrene, T., & Lee, J. W. (2017). Assessing the dynamic
impact of tourism, industrialization, urbanization, and
globalization on growth and environment in Southeast
Asia. International Journal of Sustainable Development &
World Ecology, 24(4), 362-371.
- Castro-Nuño, M., Molina-Toucedo, J. A., & Pablo-Romero, M. P.
(2013). Tourism and GDP: A meta-analysis of panel data
studies. Journal of Travel research, 52(6), 745-758.
- Cortes-Jimenez, I., & Pulina, M. (2010). Inbound tourism and
long-run economic growth. Current Issues in Tourism,
13(1), 61-74.
- De Vita, G., Katircioglu, S., Altinay, L., Fethi, S., & Mercan, M.
(2015). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis
in a tourism development context. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 16652-16663.
- Demiroz, D. M., & Ongan, S. (2005). The contribution of tourism
to the long-run Turkish economic growth. Ekonomický
časopis, 9, 880-894.
- Dogan, E. (2017). CO2 Emissions, Real GDP, Renewable Energy
and Tourism: Evidence from Panel of the Most-Visited
Countries, Statistika, 97 (3): 63-76.
- Dogan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship among
CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism
in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel
models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77,
239-245.
- Dogan, E., Seker, F., & Bulbul, S. (2017). Investigating the
impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and
trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional
dependence: A panel study of OECD countries. Current
Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1701-1719.
- Dogru, T., & Bulut, U. (2018). Is tourism an engine for economic
recovery? Theory and empirical evidence. Tourism Management,
67, 425-434.
- Dogru, T., Marchio, E. A., Bulut, U., & Suess, C. (2019). Climate
change: Vulnerability and resilience of tourism and the
entire economy. Tourism Management, 72, 292-305.
- Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a long-run economic growth
factor: an empirical investigation for Greece using causality
analysis. Tourism economics, 10(3), 305-316.
- Eberhardt, M., & Teal, F. (2010). Productivity Analysis in Global
Manufacturing Production. Economics Series Working Papers,
515, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
- Eluwole, K. K., Saint Akadiri, S., Alola, A. A., & Etokakpan, M.
U. (2020). Does the interaction between growth determinants
a drive for global environmental sustainability?
Evidence from world top 10 pollutant emissions countries.
Science of The Total Environment, 705, 135972.
- Emirmahmutoglu, F., & Kose, N. (2011). Testing for Granger
causality in heterogeneous mixed panels. Economic
Modelling, 28(3), 870-876.
- Eyuboglu, K., & Uzar, U. (2019). The impact of tourism on CO2
emission in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-15.
- Fang, Y., Yin, J., & Wu, B. (2018). Climate change and tourism: A
scientometric analysis using CiteSpace. Journal of Sustainable
Tourism, 26(1), 108-126.
- Fonseca, N., & Sánchez Rivero, M. (2020). Granger Causality
between Tourism and Income: A Meta-regression Analysis.
Journal of Travel Research, 59(4), 642-660.
- Gössling, S. (2000). Sustainable tourism development in developing
countries: Some aspects of energy use. Journal
of sustainable tourism, 8(5), 410-425.
- Gössling, S. (2002). Global environmental consequences of
tourism. Global environmental change, 12(4), 283-302.
- Gössling, S., Hansson, C. B., Hörstmeier, O., & Saggel, S. (2002).
Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism
sustainability. Ecological Economics, 43(2), 199–211.
- Gössling, S., Peeters, P., Ceron, J. P., Dubois, G., Patterson, T.,
& Richardson, R. B. (2005). The eco-efficiency of tourism.
Ecological economics, 54(4), 417-434.
- Gulistan, A., Tariq, Y. B., & Bashir, M. F. (2020). Dynamic relationship
among economic growth, energy, trade openness,
tourism, and environmental degradation: fresh global
evidence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
1-11.
- Gunduz, L., & Hatemi-J, A. (2005). Is the tourism-led growth
hypothesis valid for Turkey?. Applied Economics Letters,
12(8), 499-504.
- Işik, C., Doğan, E., & Ongan, S. (2017). Analyzing the tourism–
energy–growth nexus for the top 10 most-visited
countries. Economies, 5(4), 40.
- Isik, C., Dogru, T., & Turk, E. S. (2018). A nexus of linear and nonlinear
relationships between tourism demand, renewable
energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and
evidence. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(1),
38-49.
- Kadir, N., Nayan, S., Noor, A. N. M., & Zakaria, D. A. (2019). Tourism,
Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth:
Evidence from Panel Data. In Proceedings of the Second
International Conference on the Future of ASEAN (ICoFA)
2017-Volume 1 (pp. 391-398). Springer, Singapore.
- Katircioglu, S. T. (2009). Revisiting the tourism-led-growth
hypothesis for Turkey using the bounds test and Johansen
approach for cointegration. Tourism Management, 30(1),
17-20.
- Katircioglu, S. T. (2014a). International tourism, energy
consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of
Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36,
180-187.
- Katircioglu, S. T. (2014b). Testing the tourism-induced EKC
hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling,
41, 383-391.
- Katircioglu, S. T., Feridun, M., & Kilinc, C. (2014). Estimating tourism-
induced energy consumption and CO2 emissions:
The case of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 29, 634-640.
- Katircioglu, S., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Eren, B. M. (2018). Testing
the role of tourism development in ecological footprint
quality: evidence from top 10 tourist destinations.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(33),
33611-33619.
- Katircioglu, S., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Eren, B. M. (2019). The
role of tourism growth in generating additional energy
consumption: empirical evidence from major tourist destinations.
Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 26(4),
303-323.
- Katircioglu, S., Saqib, N., Katircioglu, S., Kilinc, C. C., & Gul, H.
(2020). Estimating the effects of tourism growth on emission
pollutants: empirical evidence from a small island,
Cyprus. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 1-7.
- Kuo, N. W., & Chen, P. H. (2009). Quantifying energy use, carbon
dioxide emission, and other environmental loads from
island tourism based on a life cycle assessment approach.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(15), 1324–1330.
- Lean, H. H., & Tang, C. F. (2010). Is the tourism‐led growth hypothesis
stable for Malaysia? A note. International Journal
of Tourism Research, 12(4), 375-378.
- Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence
of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions:
Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union.
Tourism management, 38, 69-76.
- Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2016). Tourism effects on the
environment and economic sustainability of sub-Saharan
Africa. International Journal of Sustainable Development
& World Ecology, 23(3), 221-232.
- Lenzen, M., Sun, Y. Y., Faturay, F., Ting, Y. P., Geschke, A., & Malik,
A. (2018). The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature
Climate Change, 8(6), 522-528.
- León, C. J., Arana, J. E., & Hernández Alemán, A. (2014). CO2
Emissions and tourism in developed and less developed
countries. Applied Economics Letters, 21(16), 1169-1173.
- Mitra, S. K. (2019). Is tourism‐led growth hypothesis still valid?.
International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(5), 615-624.
- Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S., Prasad, A., & Prasad, B. C. (2010).
Tourism and economic growth: a panel data analysis for
Pacific Island countries. Tourism economics, 16(1), 169-
183.
- Nunkoo, R., Seetanah, B., Jaffur, Z. R. K., Moraghen, P. G. W., &
Sannassee, R. V. (2020). Tourism and economic growth: A
meta-regression analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 59(3),
404-423.
- Oh, C. O. (2005). The contribution of tourism development
to economic growth in the Korean economy. Tourism
management, 26(1), 39-44.
- Olsthoorn, X. (2001). Carbon dioxide emissions from international
aviation: 1950–2050. Journal of Air Transport
Management, 7(2), 87-93.
- Pang, S. F., McKercher, B., & Prideaux, B. (2013). Climate change
and tourism: An overview. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism
Research, 18(1-2), 4-20.
- Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Chen, C. F. (2017a). The effects of
tourism on economic growth and CO2 emissions: a comparison
between developed and developing economies.
Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 712-724.
- Paramati, S. R., Shahbaz, M., & Alam, M. S. (2017b). Does tourism
degrade environmental quality? A comparative study
of Eastern and Western European Union. Transportation
Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 1-13.
Perles-Ribes, J. F., Ramón-Rodríguez, A. B., Rubia, A., & Moreno-
- Izquierdo, L. (2017). Is the tourism-led growth hypothesis
valid after the global economic and financial crisis?
The case of Spain 1957–2014. Tourism Management, 61,
96–109.
- Pesaran, H. M. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional
dependence in panels. University of Cambridge,
Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large
heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure.
Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the
presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied
econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
- Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity
in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
- Qin, Y., Luo, Y., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, J. (2018). Research on relationship
between tourism income and economic growth
based on meta-analysis. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear
Sciences, 3(1), 105-114.
- Qureshi, M. I., Hassan, M. A., Hishan, S. S., Rasli, A. M., & Zaman,
K. (2017). Dynamic linkages between sustainable tourism,
energy, health and wealth: Evidence from top 80 international
tourist destination cities in 37 countries. Journal of
cleaner production, 158, 143-155.
- Raza, S. A., Sharif, A., Wong, W. K., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2017).
Tourism development and environmental degradation in
the United States: Evidence from wavelet-based analysis.
Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1768-1790.
- Saint Akadiri, S., Alola, A. A., & Akadiri, A. C. (2019). The role
of globalization, real income, tourism in environmental
sustainability target. Evidence from Turkey. Science of the
total environment, 687, 423-432.
- Scott, D. (2011). Why sustainable tourism must address climate
change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 17-34.
- Seetanah, B., Nunkoo, R., Sannassee, R. V., Georges, P., & Jaffur,
W. M. Z. R. K. (2017). A meta-analysis of the tourism and
economic growth nexus. BEST EN Think Tank XVII: Innovation
and Progress in Sustainable Tourism, 180.
- Shahzad, S. J. H., Shahbaz, M., Ferrer, R., & Kumar, R. R. (2017).
Tourism-led growth hypothesis in the top ten tourist destinations:
New evidence using the quantile-on-quantile
approach. Tourism Management, 60, 223-232.
- Shakouri, B., Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Ghorchebigi, E. (2017).
Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions?.
Anatolia, 28(3), 444-452.
- Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Nisha, N. (2017). Impact of tourism on
CO2 emission: evidence from Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal
of Tourism Research, 22(4), 408-421.
- Shi, H., Li, X., Zhang, H., Liu, X., Li, T., & Zhong, Z. (2019). Global
difference in the relationships between tourism, economic
growth, CO2 emissions, and primary energy consumption.
Current Issues in Tourism, 1-16.
- Solarin, S. A. (2014). Tourist arrivals and macroeconomic determinants
of CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Anatolia, 25(2),
228-241.
- Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2014). The impacts of tourism,
energy consumption and political instability on economic
growth in the MENA countries. Energy Policy, 68, 458-464.
- Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2016). Tourism and growth in
Lebanon: new evidence from bootstrap simulation and
rolling causality approaches. Empirical Economics, 50(2),
679-696.
- Tang, C. F., & Tan, E. C. (2015). Does tourism effectively stimulate
Malaysia’s economic growth?. Tourism management,
46, 158-163.
- Tang, C. F., Tiwari, A. K., & Shahbaz, M. (2016). Dynamic inter-
relationships among tourism, economic growth and
energy consumption in India. Geosystem engineering,
19(4), 158-169.
- Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher
effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (2019). Travel &
Tourism Economic impact 2019. World travel and tourism
council.
- Wu, T. P., & Wu, H. C. (2019). Tourism and economic growth
in Asia: A bootstrap multivariate panel Granger causality.
International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 87-96.
- Yorucu, V. (2016). Growth impact of CO2 emissions caused by
tourist arrivals in Turkey. International Journal of Climate
Change Strategies and Management , 8 (1), 19–37.
- Zaman, K., Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., & Raza, S. A. (2016).
Tourism development, energy consumption and Environmental
Kuznets Curve: Trivariate analysis in the panel of
developed and developing countries. Tourism Management,
54, 275-283.
- Zhang, L., & Gao, J. (2016). Exploring the effects of international
tourism on China’s economic growth, energy consumption
and environmental pollution: Evidence from a regional
panel analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 53, 225-234.