___

• BIBLIOTECA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL. (1980). Constitucion Politica de la Republica de Chile de 1980. http://www.bcn.cl/leyes/pdf/actualizado/242302.pdf
• BIBLIOTECA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL. (1980). Estatuto Docente. http://subvenciones.mineduc.cl/seccion/documento/2D2002040416132811094.pdf
• CARNOY, M. AND McEWAN, P. J. (2003). “Does Privatization Improve Education? The Case of Chile’s National Voucher Plan”. In D. N. Plank ve G. Sykes (Eds.), Choosing Choice: School Choice In International Perspective, (pp. 24-44). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
• CASTAÑEDA, T. (1992). Combating Poverty: Innovative Social Reforms in Chile during the 1980s. San Francisco, Ca.: International Center for Economic Growth.
• CHUBB, J. E. AND TERRY, M. M. (1990). Politics, Markets, and America's Schools. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
• CHUBB, J. E. (2001). “The Profit Motive. The Private Can Be Public”, Education Next, 1: 1.
• COX, C. AND P. GONZALEZ. (1998). “Educacion: De Programas De Mejoramiento A Reforma”. In Rene Cortazar and Joaquin Vial (Eds.), Construyendo Opciones: Propuestas Economical Y Sociales Para El Cambio De Siglo (pp.233-277). Santiago: Cieplan-Dolmen.
• CLERT, C. AND WODON, Q. (2001). The Targeting of Government Programs in Chile: A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment. World Bank, August.
• DELANNOY, F. (2000). “Education Reforms in Chile, 1980–98: A Lesson in Pragmatism, Country Studies”, Education Reform and Management Series, 1(1), Washington DC: World Bank.
• DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDIOS Y DESARROLLO. (2006). Anuarios Estadisticos. Capitulo_4. http://w3app.mineduc.cl/DedPublico/anuarios_estadisticos
• DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDIOS Y DESARROLLO. (2007). Guia de Subvenciones Educacionales. División de Planificación y Presupuesto, Ministerio de Educación. July. Santiago. http://w3app.mineduc.cl/mineduc/ded/documentos/Guia%20Subvenciones%202007.pdf
• DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDIOS Y DESARROLLO. (2012). http://data.mineduc.cl/
• ELACQUA, G. (2005): “How Do For-Profit Schools Respond to Voucher Funding? Evidence from Chile,” Occasional Paper Series National Center for Study of Privatization in Education, Teachers College, Columbia University.
• ELACQUA, G., D. CONTRERAS AND F. SALAZAR. (2008). “Scaling up in Chile”, Education Next. 8(3).
• ESPINOLA, V. (1993) “The Educational Reform Of The Military Regime In Chile: The School System's Response To Competition, Choice, And Market Relations," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wales College, Cardiff.
• FRIEDMAN, M. (1962). Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• FOXLEY, A. (1983). Latin American Experiments in Neoconservative Economics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• GAURI, V. (1998). School Choice in Chile: Two Decades of Educational Reform. Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pittsburgh Press.
• GONZÁLEZ, P., MIZALA, A. AND ROMAGUERA, P. (2004). “Vouchers, Inequalities and the Chilean Experience”, Working Paper, Center for Applied Economics (CEA).
• HSIEH, C. T., AND URQUIOLA, M. (2006). “The Effects Of Generalized School Choice on Achievement and Stratification: Evidence From Chile’s School Voucher Program”, Journal of Public Economics, 90:1477–1503.
• JOFRE, G. (1988). “El Sistema de Subvenciones en Educacion: La Experiencia Chilena”, Documento de Trabajo No: 99, Santiago: Centro de Estudios Publicos.
• LADD, H. AND FISKE, E. B. (2001). “The Uneven Playing Field of School Choice: Evidence from New Zealand”, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 20(1): 43-63.
• McEWAN, P.J. AND CARNOY, M. (1999). “The Impact of Competition on Public School Quality: Longitudinal Evidence on Chile’s Voucher System”, Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
• McEWAN, P.J. AND CARNOY, M. (2000). “Effectiveness and Efficiency of Private Schools in Chile’s Voucher System”, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 22: 213-240.
• McEWAN, P.J. (2001). “The Effectiveness Of Public, Catholic, And Non-Religious Private Schools In Chile’s Voucher System”, Education Economics, 9(2): 103-28.
• MINEDUC. (2008). The Chilean Education System, Agenda II Forum Hemisférico: “La Calidad de la Educación” www.inep.gov.br/internacional/forum2/apresentacoes/14-06/5.ppt
• OECD. (2004). Revisión de Políticas Nacionales de Educación. Paris: OECD.
• OPPENHEIMER, L. H. (2007). Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism, and Market Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
• MAGENDZO, A.,EGANA, L. AND LATORRE, C. L. (1988). La Educacion Particular y los Esquemas Privatizantes en Educacion bajo un Estado Subsidario (1973-1987). Santiago: PIIE
• McMEEKEN, R. W. (2004). “Chile: Vouchers and Beyond”. In Iris C. Rotberg (Ed.) Balancing Change and Tradition in Global Education Reform (pp.83-107). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
• MINVU. (1998). Plan Regional de Desarrollo Urbano. Santiago.
• PARRY, T. R. (1997). “Decentralization and Privatization: Education Policy in Chile”, Journal of Policy, 17(1): 107-133.
• PLANK, D. N. AND SYKES, G. (2003). Choosing Choice: School Choice in International Perspective. NY: Teachers College Press.
• SALMAN, T. (1994). “Challenging the City, Joining the City: The Chilean Pobladores between Social Movement and Social Integration”, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 13(1): 79-90.
• STEWART, F. AND RANIS, G. (1994). “Decentralization in Chile”, Human Development Report Occasional Papers No. 14. New York: United Nations.
• UNIDAD DE CURRÍCULUM Y EVALUACIÓN (UCE). (2008). Resultados Nacionales SIMCE. Santiago: Ministerio de Educación.
• VALDES, J. G. (1995). Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School in Chile. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
• WOLF, P. AND MACEDO, S. (2004). Educating Citizens: International Perspectives on Civic Values and School Choice. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
• i In fact, market reform ideas began to take shape at beginning of the 1950s in the publications of Economic
• Commission for Latin America of the United Nations, and in collaborations between University of Chicago
• Department of Economics and Universidad Catolica in Chile.
• ii As part of a contract between the University of Chicago, the Universidad Catolica de Chile, and the International
• Cooperation Administration (later Agency for International Development), which fostered the study of economics in
• Chile, a group of twenty six Chilean economists were trained in Chicago. Some of them were hired as full professors
• upon their return to Chile by Universidad Catolica where they completely transformed the economics department
• with the help of their professors at Chicago. Hence, Universidad Catolica’s “Chilean Project” supplied the human
• capital needed by the military government to create a new regime and became the ideological hub for the social
• reforms that followed.
• iii Similar1980 television series “Free to Choose” by Milton Friedman was broadcast in the US by Public
• Broadcasting Corporation. The series was updated in 1990 with introductions by figures like Arnold Schwarzenegger
• Hence, urban segregation and geographically clustered school choice sets of parents may still make these transfers
• electorally useful for mayors.
• vi The “shared financing” law in Chile allows private voucher schools and public high schools to charge fees that can
• be up to 1.6 times the basic voucher payment. Discounts to vouchers are applied progressively. If monthly tuition is
• less than half the level of the Unidad de Subvención Escolar (USE), no discount is applied. Tuition fees between one
• half and one USE incur a 10% deduction. Fees between one and two USE incur a 20% deduction. Fee charging
• schools must also devote up to 10% of their additional income to finance scholarships. The USE is the monetary
• index, valued at $14.206,936 Chilean pesos (US$ 29.6) in 2007.
• vii Branches of the Catholic Church include religious orders, parishes, archdiocese, and religious foundations.
• viii Protestant church schools include Methodist, Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian churches.
• ix Most of the secular nonprofit schools are branches of foundations that were created for other specific tasks, such as
• the Aid Corporation for Children with Cancer. Some foundations were created by community development groups
• such as the Rural Social Development Corporation.
• x The figures presented in Tables 1 and 2 are available only for the 2007 examinations. The Ministry of Education in
• Chile determines the socio-economic status of schools based on the information collected with the administration of
• SIMCE tests, based on -among other things- parent surveys. SIMCE test are administered in all schools at 4th and 8th
• grades of the primary school and the 2nd grade of high school. Hence the Tables 1 and 2 show enrollment and the
• number of schools across socioeconomic categories and school sectors based on 2007 SIMCE tests of language and
• mathematics for 4th graders.
• xi Rules on the selection of school names and colors for school uniforms apply to both sectors, public and private vouchers.
• xii See http://www.seremi13minvu.cl/ for different Decrees and Laws applied by the Metropolitan Region of Santiago SEREMI.
• xiii See http://subvenciones.mineduc.cl/seccion/documento/2D2002040416132811094.pdf for the Estatuto Docente.
• xiv The 5th requirement entry continues with the internal disciplinary measures. See
• http://w3app.mineduc.cl/mineduc/ded/documentos/Guia%20Subvenciones%202007.pdf
• xv In 2007, the maximum contribution at the time of registration was 3,500 Chilean Pesos. The contribution can be
• paid monthly. Also, Parents Association can charge contributions up to 16,000 Chilean pesos, which can be paid in installments.
• xvi In 2007, such schools were allowed to charge selection fees up to 3,500 Chilean Pesos.
• xvii The information is based on an interview with Gregory Elacqua, former advisor to the Chilean Minister of
• Education, dated February 20, 2008.
• xviii However, one should also note that religiously affiliated private voucher schools may have their respective
• religious bureaucracy.