18. Yüzyılda Newtonculuk Karşıtlığı: İskoçya Örneği

Aydınlanma döneminin dinden bağımsız bir alan olarak algılanması çeşitli boyutlarda tartışılmış bir meseledir. Halihazırda yapılması gereken, ulusal ve seküler Aydınlanma paradigmalarını analiz etmek ve bu paradigmaların altında yatan bazı varsayımları tartışmaktır. Bu yazıda, bu tartışma onsekizinci yüzyıl İskoçya örneğine odaklanarak gerçekleştirilecektir. İskoç Aydınlanmasını Newtonculuk ile ilişkisi bağlamında ele alacağım ve Newtonculuğun değişik çevrelerce nasıl algılandığını açıklayarak, Newtonculuğa yönelik yaklaşımların hem bilimsel hem de dini gündemlerin belirlediği çeşitli açılardan geldiğini tartışacağım. Newtonculuğun belirli yönlerine yönelik tepkiler ve yaklaşımlar üzerine olan bu çalışma, Onsekizinci yüzyıldaki fikirler, gruplar ve bireyler arasındaki entelektüel ilişkinin karmaşık doğasını ortaya çıkarmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

___

  • Anon. (1737) Proposals for the Regulation of a Society for Improving Arts and Sciences, and particularly Natural Knowledge (Edinburgh).
  • Anon. (1797) Remarks on Revelation and Infidelity: being the substance of several speeches lately delivered in a private literary Society in Edinburgh (Edinburgh). Beattie, L.M. (1935) John Arbuthnot (Cambridge).
  • Burnett, James (1799) Antient Metaphysics or the Science of Universals with an appendix containing an Examination of the Principles of Sir Isaac Newton’s Philosophy (London).
  • Byrne, M.V. (1998) Alternative Cosmologies in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of London).
  • Cantor, G.N. (1983) Optics after Newton, Theories of Light in Britain and Ireland, 1704-1840 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), 104-105.
  • Catcott, Alexander (1761) A Treatise on Deluge (London).
  • Clerk MSS, Scottish Record Office, GD, 18/5099/3. Davie, G.E. (1965) ‘Berkeley’s impact on Scottish Philosophers’ Philosophy 40, 222-234.
  • Davidson, Peter (1992) ‘Herman Boerhaave and John Clerk of Penicuik: Friendship and Musical Collaboration’ Proc. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb. 22: 503- 518.
  • Emerson, Roger L. (1979) “The Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, 1737-1747,” British Journal for the History of Science 12, 154-91 on 184, n.17.
  • Forbes, Duncan (1735) Some Thoughts Concerning Religion, Natural and Revealed, and Manner of Understanding Revelation: Tending to show that Christianity is Indeed very near, As Old as the Creation (London).
  • Forbes, Duncan (1750) Reflections on the Sources of Incredulity with Regard to Religion (Edinburgh).
  • Forbes, Duncan (1732) A Letter to a Bishop Concerning Some Important Discoveries in Philosophy and Theology (London).
  • Forbes, Duncan (1755) The Whole Works of the Right Honourable Duncan Forbes (Edinburgh).
  • Frei, Hans (1974) The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative, A Study in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics. (New Haven: Yale University Press).
  • Friesen, John (2003) ‘Archibald Pitcairne, David Gregory and the Scottish origins of English Tory Newtonianism, 1688-1715,’ History of Science 41 (2) (132) 163-191.
  • Guerrini, Anita (1986) “The Tory Newtonians: Gregory, Pitcairne and their Circle,” Journal of British Studies (25) 288–311.
  • Home, Henry (1771) ‘Of the Laws of Motion,’ in Essays and Observations, Physical and Literary (Edinburgh).
  • Jacob, M. C. (1981) The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans (London: George Allen & Unwin)
  • Jacob J. R. and M. C. Jacob (1980) ‘The Anglican Origins of Modern Science,’ Isis 71, 251-267.
  • Jones, Peter (1983) ‘The Scottish Professoriate and the polite academy, 1720-46’, in Wealth and Virtue, ed. I. Hont and M. Ignatieff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 89-117.
  • Kidd, Colin, (2004) ‘Subscription, the Scottish Enlightenment and the Moderate interpretation of history’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History (55), 502-19.
  • Knoeff, Rina (2002) Herman Boerhaave (1668-1738) Calvinist Chemist and Physician (Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences).
  • Levine, J.M. (1977) Dr. Woodward’s Shield: History, Science, and Satire in Augustan England (London: University of California Press).
  • McConnell, Anita (2004) ‘Martine, George (1700-1741),’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography vol.37, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Mandelbrote, S. (2004) “Eighteenth-Century Reactions to Newton’s Anti-Trinitarianism” in James E. Force and Sarah Hutton (eds.) Newton and Newtonianism, New Studies (pp. 93- 112.) (Dortrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers).
  • Mandelbrote, S. (2002) ‘Newton and the eighteenth-century Christianity,’ in B. Cohen and G.E. Smith (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Newton (pp. 409-431) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Manuel, F. E. (1963) Isaac Newton, Historian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Martine, George (1740) An examination of the Newtonian argument for the emptiness of space, and of the resistance of subtle fluids (London)
  • Olson, R. (1983) ‘Tory–High Church Opposition to Science and Scientism in the Eighteenth Century: The Works of John Arbuthnot, Jonathan Swift, and Samuel Johnson,’ in J. Burke (ed.) (1983) The Uses of Science in the Age of Newton (London:University of California Press).
  • Reill, Peter Hanns (2005) Vitalizing Nature in the Enlightenment (University of California Press)
  • Ross, I. S. (1972) Lord Kames and the Scotland of His Day (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1972)
  • Shepherd, Christine (1982) ‘Newtonianism in Scottish Universities in the Seventeenth century’ in R. Campbell and A. Skinner eds. The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment (Edinburgh: John Donald).
  • Shoesmith E. (1987) ‘The Continental Controversy over Arbuthnot’s argument for divine providence’ Historia Mathematica 14 (2): 133-46.
  • Shuttleton, David E. (1985) ‘A Modest Examination: ‘John Arbuthnot and the Scottish Newtonians,’ British Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies 18 (1) 47-63.
  • Snobelen, S.D. (2004) “To Discourse of God: Isaac Newton’s Heterodox Theology and his Natural Philosophy” in Paul Wood ed. Science and Dissent in England, 1688-1945 (Ashgate).
  • Stewart, L. (2004) “The Trouble with Newton in the Eighteenth Century” in James E. Force and Sarah Hutton (eds.) Newton and Newtonianism, New Studies (Dortrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers): 221-238.
  • Stewart, M.A. (2003) ‘Religion and Rational Theology,’ in George Davie ed. Cambridge Companion to The Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Stewart, M.A. (2006) “Revealed Religion: British Debate” in Knud Haakonssen ed. The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 683-709.
  • Stewart, M.A. (1985) ‘Berkeley and the Rankenian club,’ Hermathena, 139, 25-45.
  • Tarbuck, Gurses Derya, (2007) ‘Duncan Forbes of Culloden (1685-1747): a Presbyterian Whig and a Hutchinsonian’, Eighteenth-Century Thought, 3.
  • Warrand, Duncan (1923-1930) More Culloden Papers (Inverness)
  • White, Gavin (1998) The Scottish Episcopal Church, A New History (Edinburgh),
  • White, Gavin (1982) ‘Hutchinsonianism in Eighteenth Century Scotland,’ Records of the Scottish Church History, 21 (2): 157-69.
  • Wilson, Andrew (1754) The principles of natural philosophy: with some remarks up an the fundamental principles of the Newtonian philosophy (London)
  • Wilson, Andrew (1750) The Creation the Ground Work of Revelation, and Revelation the Language of Nature, or a Brief attempt to demonstrate that the Hebrew Language is founded upon Natural Ideas, and that the Hebrew Writings transfer them to Spiritual Objects (Edinburgh)
  • Wilson, Andrew (1764) Short Observations on the Principles and Moving Powers Assumed by the Present System of Philosophy (London)
  • Wood, Paul ed. (2002) Essays and Observations Physical and Literary Read Before a Society in Edinburgh (Thoemmes)
  • Woodward, John (1695) An Essay towards the Natural History of the Earth (London,). Woodward, John (1729) An Attempt toward a Natural History of Fossils (London,).
  • Wright, John P. (2004) ‘Wilson, Andrew (1718-1792),’ Dictionary of National Biography vol. 59 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Young, Davis A. (1987) “Scripture in the Hands of Geologists (Part One)”, The Westminster Theological Journal, 49 (1): 1-34.
  • Young, Davis A. (1995) The Biblical Flood, A Case Study of the Church’s Response to Extrabiblical Evidence, (Michigan: Eerdmans, 1995).