Kars Bölgesinde Yeni Doğan Buzağılarda Retinal Anormalite İnsidensinin Fundoskopik Muayene ile Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada Kars Bölgesinde yeni doğan buzağılarda (0-3 aylık) rutin göz ve göz fundusunun muayenesi yapılarak retinal anormalitelerin tip ve insidensi ile olası nedenlerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma materyalini değişik ırk ve cinsiyette 0-3 aylık 300 baş buzağı oluşturdu. Bütün olgularda Atropin ile oluşturulan midriasis sonrası göz fundusunun muayenesi yapıldı. Fundus muayenesinde optik disk, tapetal bölge, nontapetal bölge ve retinal damarlar değerlendirilerek normal ve anormal bulgular not edildi ve fotoğraflama işlemi gerçekleştirildi. Değerlendirmeye alınan 300 baş buzağının 287’sinde (%95,66) klinik olarak herhangi bir problem saptanmazken 13’ünde (%4,33) bilateral tam körlük problemi belirlendi. Bilateral körlük saptanan 9 olguda (%3) retina ve optik disk problemi gözlemlendi, 4 olguda (%1,33) ise retina ve optik diskte herhangi bir anormal bulguya rastlanmadı. Görme problemi olan 9 olgunun 1’inde optik disk hipoplazisi, retinal dejenerasyon ve miyelinizasyon, 1’inde optik neuritis, 2’sinde optik disk hipoplazisi, 1’inde korioretinitise bağlı retinal kanama, 1’inde papilloödem, 1’inde retinal dejenerasyon, 1’inde papilloödem ve retinal dejenerasyon, 1 olguda ise bir gözde optik neuritis ve retinal kanama, diğer gözde de optik neuritis ve parsiyel retinal ayrılma tespit edildi. Bu çalışmayla, bölgemizdeki sığır yetiştiriciliğinde büyük önem taşıyan görme problemlerine ilişkin insidens bilgileri yanında, çeşitli sığır ırklarına ilişkin normal fundus varyasyonları saptandı ve problem saptanan olgularda fundusla ilgili problemlerin çeşitliliği belirlendi.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Anormalite, buzağı, fundoskopik muayene, retina

Determination of Retinal Abnormality Incidence in Newborn Calves by Fundoscopic Examination in Kars Region

In the present study, type and incidence of retinal abnormalities occurring in newborn calves (0-3 months) and its possible reasons were evaluated by routine ophthalmic and ophthalmic fundus examination in Kars region. The study was performed in 300 calves with various breeds, age (0-3 months) and sex. In all cases, examination of the fundus of the eye was performed after the midriasis with Atropine. During the fundic examination of optic disc, tapetal and non-tapetal areas and retinal vascularity were evaluated. Normal and abnormal findings were recorded and photographed. Clinical examination showed that 287 of 300 (95.66%) calves were clinically normal, bilateral full blindness were observed in 13 calves (4.33%). Retinal and optic disk problems were present in 9 cases (3%), 4 cases (1.33%) were free of retinal and optic disc problems. Optic disc hypoplasia, retinal degeneration and myelinization (1 case), optic neuritis (1 case), optic disc hypoplasia (2 cases), retinal hemorrhagia due to corioretinitis (1 case), papilledema (1 case), retinal degeneration (1 case), papilledema and retinal degeneration (1 case), optic neuritis and retinal hemorrhagia in one eye, optic neuritis and partial retinal separation were other findings observed in nine case with eyesight problems. In conclusion, in the present study the incidence of eyesight problems that is a significant problem in cattle breeding of our region and normal fundic variation of various cattle breeds were determined. A variety of fundic problems were also determined in animals with sight problems.

Keywords:

Abnormality, calf, fundoscopic examination, retina,

PDF

___

1. Haytoğlu T. Oftalmolojik Muayene Yöntemleri. http://tip.erciyes.edu.tr/anabilim/cerrahi/web/goz_hastaliklari/muayene.html Erişim tarihi:13.12.2007.
2. Öktem B. (1971). Göz Hastalıkları. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara.
3. Akın C. Gözün anatomisi ve görme fizyolojisi. http://www.veribaz.com/viewdoc.html?gozun-anatomisi-ve-gorme-fizyolojisi-449553.html Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2009.
4. Foster S. Eye anatomy and function in animals. http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=17+1848&aid=1596 Erişim tarihi: 15.07.2009.
5. İlhan B, Eldem B. (1998). Retina Fizyolojisi. Ret Vit. 6:68-73.
6. Karagül S. (1995). Periferik Retinanın Anatomisi, Varyasyonları ve Muayenesi. Ret Vit. 3:15-19.
7. Samuelson DA. (2007). Ophthalmic Anatomy. (In): Veterinary Ophthalmology. Gelatt KN (eds). Volume: 1. 4th ed. pp: 37-148. Blackwell Publishing, Florida.
8. Slatter D. (1990). Retina. In: Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2th ed. pp: 400-436, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
9. Grahn BH, Cullen CL, Peiffer RL. (2004). Food Animal Opht-halmology. (In): Veterinary Ophthalmology Essentials. pp: 266-283. Butterworth-Heinemann. Philadelphia. 10. Townsend WM. (2007). Food and Fiber-Producing Animal Ophthalmology. (In): Veterinary Ophthalmology. Gelatt KN (ed). Volume: 2. 4th ed. pp:1275-1335. Blackwell Publishing, Florida.
11. Gregory-Evans CY, Williams MJ, Halford S, Gregory-Evans K. (2004). Ocular Coloboma: A Reassesment in the Age of Mole-cular Neuroscience. J Med Genet. 41:881-891.
12. Onwonchei BC, Simon JW, Bateman BJ, Couture KC, Mir E. (2000). Ocular Colobomata. Survey Ophthalmol. 45(3):175-194.
13. Ramsey DT, Ewart SL, Render JA, Cook CS, Latimer CA. (1999). Congenital Ocular Abnormalities of Rocky Mountain Horses. Vet Ophthalmol. 2:47-59.
14. Akın F, Samsar E. (1999). Muayene yöntemleri. (İçinde): Göz Hastalıkları. s:32-34. Tamer Matbaacılık, Ankara.
15. Grahn BH, Cullen CL, Peiffer RL. (2004). The Complete Opht-halmic Examination and Ocular Diagnostic Procedures. (In): Veterinary Ophthalmology Essentials. pp: 1-34. Butterworth-Heinemann. Philadelphia.
16. Mitchell N. (2006). Feline Ophthalmology Part I: Examination of the Eye. Irish Vet J. 59(3):164-168.
17. Ollivier FJ, Plummer CE, Barrie KP. (2007). Ophthalmic Exami-nation and Diagnostics. Part 1: The Eye Examination and Diag-nostic Procedures. (In): Veterinary Ophthalmology. Gelatt KN (ed) Volume:1, 4th ed. pp: 438-483. Blackwell Publishing, Florida.
18. Rosolen SG, Gaiddon JA, Desbrosse AM, Lescure F, Peiffer RL. (2001). Diagnostics. (In): Small Animal Ophthalmology. Peiffer RL, Petersen-Jones SM (eds). 3th ed. pp: 13-41. WB. Saunders, London.
19. Grahn BH, Cullen CL, Peiffer RL. (2004). Orbit. In: Veterinary Ophthalmology Essentials. pp: 82-95. Butterworth-Heinemann. Philadelphia.
20. VanDerLugt JJ, Prozesky L. (1989). The Pathology of Blindness in New-Born Calves Caused by Hypovitaminosis A. Onderss-tepoort J Vet Res. 56:99-110.
21. Uchida K, Kunieda T, Abbasi AR, Ogawa H, Murakami T, Tate-yama S. (2006). Congenital Multiple Ocular Defects with Falci-form Retinal Folds Among Japanese Black Cattle. Vet Pathol. 43:1017-1021.
22. Ushigusa T, Uchida K, Murakami T, Yamaguchi R. (2000). A Pathologic Study on Ocular Disorders in Calves in Southern Kyushu, Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 62(2):147-152.
23. Leipold HW, Gelatt KN, Huston K. (1971). Multiple Ocular Anomalies and Hydrocephalus in Grade Beef Shorthorn Cattle. Am J Vet Res. 32(7):1019-1026.
24. Leipold HW, Mills JHL, Huston K. (1974). Retinal Dysplasia and Internal Hydrocephalus in a Shorthorn Calf. Can Vet J. 15(2):34-38.
25. Lueder GT. (2006). Clinical Ocular Abnormalities in Infants with Trisomy 13. Am J Ophthalmol. 141:1057-1060.
26. Slotnick S, Fitzgerald DE, Sherman J, Krumholz DM. (2007). Pervasive Ocular Anomalies in Posterior Microphthalmos. J Optometry. 78:71-77.
27. Zeis CJ, Zarfoss MK, Jhonson EE, Dubielzing RR. (2008). Ocular Anomalies and Holoprosencephaly in a Lamp. Vet Ophthal-mol.11(1):30-33.
28. Guercio JR, Martyn LJ. (2007). Congenital Malformations of the Eye and Orbit. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 40(1):13-140.
29. Cook CS. (2007). Ocular Embryology and Congenital Malforma-tions. (In): Veterinary Ophthalmology. Gelatt KN (ed) Volume: 1, 4th ed. pp: 3-36. Blackwell Publishing, Florida.
30. Akın F, Samsar E. (1999). Retina Hastalıkları. (İçinde): Göz Hastalıkları. s: 98-104. Tamer Matbaacılık, Ankara.
31. Collins BK. The blind cat. http://www.walthamusa.com/articles/Collins.pdf. Access da-te: 19.01.2010.
32. Hamilton Hl, McLaughlin SA. (2000). Diagnosis of Blindness. (In): Kırk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII Small Animal Practi-ce, Bonagura JD (ed). 13th ed. pp: 1038-1041. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
33. Alina D, Mutsa A, Oana L, Beteg F, Briciu R. (2008). Morpholo-gical Aspect of Tapetum Lucidum at Some domestic Animals. Bulletin UASVM, Vet Med. 65(2):166-170. 34. Janssens GHRR. (2002). Normal Variation of the Ocular Fundus in Dogs. EJCAP, 12(2):193-198.
35. Narfström K, Bjerkas E, Ekesten B. (2001). Visual Impairment. (In): Small Animal Ophthalmology A Problem-Oriented Appro-ach. Peiffer RL, Petersen-Jones SM (eds). pp: 103-176. 3th ed. WB Saunders, London.
36. Grahn BH, Cullen CL, Peiffer RL. (2004). Optic Nerve. (In): Veterinary Ophthalmology Essentials. pp: 194-199. But-terworth-Heinemann. Philadelphia.
37. Sandmeyer LS, Grahn BC. (2008). Diagnostic Ophthalmology. CVJ. 49:1151-1152. 38. Şaroğlu M, Erdikmen DO. (2008). Retinal Degeneration due to Enrofloxacin Intoxication in a Cat. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 32(5):403-406.
39. Grahn BH, Cullen CL, Peiffer RL. (2004). Retina. (In): Veterinary Ophthalmology Essentials. pp: 174-193. Butterworth-Heinemann. Philadelphia.
40. Yu DY, Cringle SJ. (2005). Retinal Degeneration and Local Oxygen Metabolism. Exp Eye Res. 80:745-751.
41. Kondo A, Saito Y, Floricel F, Maegaki Y, Ohno K. (2007). Con-genital Ocular Motor Apraxia: Clinical and Neuroradiological Findings, and Long-Term Intellectual Prognosis. Brain Dev-Jpn. 29:431-438.
42. Tarabishy AB, Alexandrou TJ, Traboulsi EI. (2007). Syndrome of Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fibers, Myopia and Amblyopia. A review. Survery Ophthalmol. 52(6):588-596.
43. Barnett KC, Grimes TD. (1974). Bilateral Aplasia of the Optic Nerve in a Cat. Brit J Ophthal. 58:663-667.
44. Slatter D. (1990). Neuro-Ophthalmology. (In): Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2th ed. pp: 437-477, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.