Hürriyeti Bağlayıcı Cezaya Mağdur Merkezli Yaklaşım: Onarıcı Adalet

Ceza sistemi özellikle üç ana felsefenin etkisi altında olmuştur: cezalandırıcı yaklaşım, faydacı teori ve onarıcı adalet. Suç merkezli bakış açısına sahip olan cezalandırıcı rasyonalite sırf cezalandırmayı savunmuştur. O, suça verilecek cezada suçu ve suçun şiddetini esas almaktadır. Artan suç ve suçlu sayısına çözüm arayışlarının bir neticesi olarak cezalandırıcı yaklaşım yerini faydacı teoriye bıraktı. O, suç merkezli bakış açısının yerine suçlu merkezli yaklaşıma odaklandı. Faydacı teori ile birlikte 17. yüzyıldan itibaren hürriyeti bağlayıcı ceza infaz sistemine adapte edildi. Bu teori ile birlikte mahkûmların rehabilitasyonu gündeme geldi ve bu, 18. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren İngiltere’de uygulamaya konuldu, özellikle dini temelli olarak. Bu anlayışın bir yansıması olarak zaman içerisinde farklı iyileştirme faaliyetleri de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Suç ve suçlu sayısındaki sürekli artış suçu azaltma ve önleme arayışlarını da beraberinde getirmiş, bunun sonucunda da onarıcı adalet 1980’den sonra Amerika, İngiltere ve Kanada gibi gelişmiş ülkelerin ceza sisteminde uygulamaya konulmuştur. O, suç veya suçlu merkezli olmaktan ziyade mağdur merkezli bir yapıya sahiptir ve farklı programlarla suçlu ve mağdur arasındaki ilişkiyi düzeltmeye odaklanmıştır. Onarıcı adalet, adalet sistemine bağışlama, uzlaşma, pişmanlık, zararı tazmin etme ve onarma gibi yeni kavramlar getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada üç merkezi yaklaşıma, özellikle onarıcı adalete odaklanılarak ceza felsefesi analiz edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ceza sistemi, cezalandırıcı yaklaşım, faydacı teori, onarıcı adalet, suç, suçlu, mağdur

Victim-Centred Approach to Imprisonment: Restorative Justice

The penal system has been under the influence of particularly three main philosophies: retributive approach, utilitarianism and restorative justice. Retributive rationale having crime-centred outlook defended pure punishment. It grounds on offence and severity of it in the punishment to be given the crime. As a result of the search for solutions to increased crime and number of criminals, retributive approach gave its place to utilitarianism. It focused on criminal centred point of view instead of crime-centred outlook. After utilitarianism, the imprisonment has been adopted to the penal system since 17th century. The rehabilitation of prisoners came into question with this theory and this was introduced in the UK in the last quarter of the 18th century, especially as a religious based. Different rehabilitation activities have been implemented in the course of time as a reflection of this understanding. The constant increase in the number of crimes and criminals brought about the searching of the reduction and prevention of crime, as a result of this, the restorative justice was practiced in the penal system of developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada after 1980. It has a victim-centred structure rather than crime or criminal centred and is focused on correcting the relationship between the offender and the victim with different programmes. Restorative justice has brought new concepts into the justice system such as responsibility, repentance, forgiveness, reconciliation, restitution, restoration and compensation. In this paper has been analysed the philosophy of imprisonment focusing on three central approaches, especially restorative justice.

Keywords:

Penal system, retributive approach, utilitarianism, restorative justice, crime, criminal, victim,

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