Ramazan KARANFİL, Alper KETEN, Cem ZEREN, Emine Nur RİFAİOĞLU, M. Tuğrul GÖKTAŞ

Comparison of hair and nail ethyl glucuronide concentrations

Amaç: Alkol kullanımı Dünyada önemli bir sorun olarak devam etmektedir. Adli tıp pratiğinde, kişinin alkol alıp almadığını ortaya koyabilmek için vücutta alkol ve metabolitlerinin tespiti gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla, alkol alımından sonra tırnak ve saç gibi keratinöz dokularda ethyl glucuronide (EtG) tespiti önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada tırnak ve saç dokusunda tespit edilen EtG miktarlarının korelasyonunu araştırdık. Yöntemler: Kronik alkol kullanan toplam 16 olgunun saç ve tırnak dokuları alındı. Alınan saç ve tırnak örnekleri LC/ MS/MS yöntemi ile analiz edildi. Saç ve tırnak dokusundan elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Analizlerde saç örneklerinde EtG 1.33-65.67 (+/- SD16.57) ppb arasında bulundu. Tırnak dokusunda EtG 4.27-225.03 (+/- SD 59.77) ppb aralığında analiz edildi. Saç dokusu ile tırnak dokusu EtG değerleri arasında anlamlı (r=0,808, p

Saç ve tırnakta etil glukuronid konsantrasyonlarının karşılaştırılması

Objective: Alcohol abuse remains to be an important problem in the world. In forensic medicine practice, alcohol and its metabolites should be detected in the body in order to determine whether a person has taken alcohol or not. Therefore, detection of ethyl glucuronide in such keratinous tissues as nails and hair following alcohol intake is important. In the present study, we compared hair ethyl glucuronide concentrations with nail ethyl glucuronide (EtG) concentrations. Methods: Hair and nail specimens were obtained from a total of 16 people taking alcohol. The specimens were analyzed with LC/MS/MS technique. Ethyl glucuronide concentrations of hair specimens were compared with those of nail specimens. Results: Ethyl glucuronide concentrations were 1.33- 65.67 (+/- SD16.57) ppb in hair specimens and 4.27- 225.03 (+/- SD 59.77) ppb in nail specimens. Hair ethyl glucuronide concentrations were correlated with nail ethyl glucuronide concentrations (r=0,808, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that ethyl glucuronide concentrations in hair and nails could be determined. This suggests that detection of nail ethyl glucuronide concentrations can be useful in people without hair. In addition, there was a significant relationship between hair and nail ethyl glucuronide concentrations.

PDF

___

1. World Health Organization, Global status report on alcohol and health. Geneva 2011:9-12.
2. Bogdan C, Lech C, Maciej S. Nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol as a markers of recent alcohol drinking 2007;23:235-238.
3. Varga A, Alling C. Formation of phosphatidylethanol in vitro in red blood cells from healthy volunteers and chronic alcoholics. J Lab Clin Med 2002;140:79-83.
4. Aradottir S, Seidl S, Wurst FM, et al. Phosphatidylethanol in human organs and blood: a study on autopsy material and influences by storage conditions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:1718-1723.
5. Refaai MA, Nguyen PN, Steffensen TS, et al. Liver and adipose tissue fatty acid ethyl esters obtained at autopsy are postmortem markers for premortem ethanol intake. Clin Chem 2002;48:77-83.
6. Soderberg BL, Salem RO, Best CA, et al. Fatty acid esters, ethanol metabolites that reflect ethanol intake. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:94-99.
7. Foti RS, Fisher MB. Assessment of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalyzed formation of ethyl glucuronide in human liver microsomes and recombinant UGTs. Forensic Sci Int 2005;153:109-116.
8. Schmitt G, Aderjan R, Keller T, Wu M. Ethyl glucuronide: an unusual ethanol metabolite in humans. Synthesis, analytical data, and determination in serum and urine. J Anal Toxicol 1995;19:91-94.
9. Schloegl H, Rost T, Schmidt W, et al. Distribution of ethyl glucuronide in rib bone marrow, other tissues and body liquids as proof of alcohol consumption before death. Forensic Sci Int 2006;156:213-218.
10. Kerekes I, Yegles M, Grimm U, Wennig R. Ethyl glucuronide determination: Head hair versus non-head hair. Alcohol & Alcoholism 2009;44:62-66.
11. Kintz P, Villain M, Vallet E, et al. Ethyl glucuronide: Unusual distribution between head hair and pubic hair. Forensic Sci Int 2008;176: 87-90.
12. Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Karinen R, et al. A pharmacokinetic study of ethyl glucuronide in blood and urine: Applications to forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int 2007;172:119-124.
13. Keten A, Tümer AR, Odabasi AB. Measurement of ethyl glucuronide in vitreous humor with liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2009;193:101-105.
14. Morini L, Colucci M, Ruberto MG, Groppi A. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in nails by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as a potential new biomarker for chronic alcohol abuse and binge drinking behavior. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012;402:1865-1870.
15. Jones J, Jones M, Plate C, et al. Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry assay to detect ethyl glucuronide in human fingernail: comparison to hair and gender differences. Am J Analytic Chem 2012;3:83-91. 16. Pounds A, Pearson EF, Turner TD. Arsenic in finger-nails. Forensic Sci Soc 1979;19:165-173.
17. Wihelm M, Hafner D, Lombeck I, Ohnesorge FK. Monitoring of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc status in young children using toenails: comparison with scalp hair. Sci Total Environ 1991;103:199-207.
18. Lemos NP, Anderson RA, Robertson JR. Nail analysis for drugs of abuse: extraction and determination of Cannabis in fingernails by RIA and GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 1999;23:147-152.
19. Keten A, Zeren C, Arslan MM, et al. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in fingernails by LC/MS-MS. Rom J Leg Med 2013;21:67-72.
20. Brinkmann B, Madea B. Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin. Medizinrecht 2004;22:150-165.
21. Skopp G. Preanalytic aspects in postmortem toxicology. Forensic Sci Int 2004;142:75-100.
22. Levisky JA, Bowerman DL, Jenkins WW, et al. Drugs in postmortem adipose tissues: evidence of antemortem deposition. Forensic Sci Int 2001;121:157-160.
23. Wurst MF, Skipper GE, Weinmann W. Ethyl glucuronidethe direct ethanol metabolite on the threshold from science to routine use. Addiction 2003;98:51-56.
24. Politi L, Zucchella A, Morini L, et al. Markers of chronic alcohol use in hair: comparison of ethyl glucuronide and cocaethylene in cocaine users. Forensic Sci Int 2007;172: 23-27.
25. Morini L, Politi L, Polettini A. Ethyl glucuronide in hair. A sensitive and specific marker of chronic heavy drinking. Addiction 2009;104:915-920.
26. Neumann T, Helander A, Dahl H, et al. Value of ethyl glucuronide in plasma as a biomarker for recent alcohol consumption in the emergency room, Alcohol & Alcoholism 2008;43: 431-435.
27. Agius R, Nadulski T, Kahl HG, et al. Validation of a headspace solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS/MS for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair according to forensic guidelines. Forensic Sci Int 2010;196:3-9.