THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT VERTICAL GROWTH ON FACIAL MORPHOLOGY IN CLASS II CASES
Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the effects of different vertical growth pattern on sagittal structures. Material and Methods: The material consisted of cephalometric films of untreated 50 Class II subjects, 24 boys and 26 girls, aged 9 to 12 years. Subjects were divided into three groups with increased vertical facial growth pattern (SN/GoGn>320), normal vertical facial growth pattern (280≤SN/GoGn≤320) and decreased vertical facial growth pattern (SN/GoGn<280). Differences between vertical groups were assessed by the means of variance analyses and least significant difference (LSD) test. And correlation coefficient between vertical groups and other variables were calculated. Results: SNA (p<0.01), SNB (p<0.05), Gonial angle (p<0.001), Jarabak ratio (p<0.001) and IMPA (p<0.01) were found to be related with vertical growth pattern. Negative correlation was found between SN/GoGn and SNA, SNB, IMPA angles and Jarabak ratio, and also positive correlation was observed between SN/GoGn and Gonial angle. Conclusion: The change in vertical growth pattern influenced sagittal parameters of face. Keywords: growth and development, maxilla, mandible, vertical dimension, maxillofacial development Sınıf II Vakalarda Farklı Dik Yön Büyümesinin Yüz Morfolojisi Üzerine Etkileri ÖZ Amaç: Bu retrospektif çalışmanın amacı farklı vertikal yüz gelişim paterninin sagittal yapılar üzerine olan etkisini incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma materyalini, yaşları 9 ile 12 arasında değişen 24 erkek ve 26 kız olmak üzere tedavi edilmemiş 50 Sınıf II vakanın sefalmetrik filmleri oluşturmaktadır. Bireyler dikey yüz büyümesi artmış bireyler (SN/GoGn> 320), dikey yüz büyümesi normal olan bireyler (280≤SN/GoGn≤320) ve dikey yüz büyümesi azalmış bireyler (SN/GoGn<280) olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Vertikal gruplar arasındaki farklılıklar varyans analizi ve LSD testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Dik yön ile diğer değişkenler arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: SNA (p<0.01), SNB (p<0.05), Gonial açı (p<0.001), Jarabak oranı (p<0.001) ve IMPA (p<0.01) farklı vertikal gelişim paternleriyle ilişkili bulunmuştur. SN/GoGn ile SNA, SNB, IMPA açıları ve Jarabak oranı arasında negatif, Gonial açı ile de pozitif korelasyon saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Dikey yüz gelişimdeki değişiklikler yüzün sagittal gelişimi etkilemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: büyüme ve gelişim, maksilla, mandibula, vertikal boyut, maksilofasiyal gelişim
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT VERTICAL GROWTH ON FACIAL MORPHOLOGY IN CLASS II CASES
ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the effects of different vertical growth pattern on sagittal structures. Material and Methods: The material consisted of cephalometric films of untreated 50 Class II subjects, 24 boys and 26 girls, aged 9 to 12 years. Subjects were divided into three groups with increased vertical facial growth pattern (SN/GoGn>320), normal vertical facial growth pattern (280≤SN/GoGn≤320) and decreased vertical facial growth pattern (SN/GoGn<280). Differences between vertical groups were assessed by the means of variance analyses and least significant difference (LSD) test. And correlation coefficient between vertical groups and other variables were calculated. Results: SNA (p<0.01), SNB (p<0.05), Gonial angle (p<0.001), Jarabak ratio (p<0.001) and IMPA (p<0.01) were found to be related with vertical growth pattern. Negative correlation was found between SN/GoGn and SNA, SNB, IMPA angles and Jarabak ratio, and also positive correlation was observed between SN/GoGn and Gonial angle. Conclusion: The change in vertical growth pattern influenced sagittal parameters of face. Keywords: growth and development, maxilla, mandible, vertical dimension, maxillofacial development ÖZ Amaç: Bu retrospektif çalışmanın amacı farklı vertikal yüz gelişim paterninin sagittal yapılar üzerine olan etkisini incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma materyalini, yaşları 9 ile 12 arasında değişen 24 erkek ve 26 kız olmak üzere tedavi edilmemiş 50 Sınıf II vakanın sefalmetrik filmleri oluşturmaktadır. Bireyler dikey yüz büyümesi artmış bireyler (SN/GoGn> 320), dikey yüz büyümesi normal olan bireyler (280≤SN/GoGn≤320) ve dikey yüz büyümesi azalmış bireyler (SN/GoGn<280) olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Vertikal gruplar arasındaki farklılıklar varyans analizi ve LSD testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Dik yön ile diğer değişkenler arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: SNA (p<0.01), SNB (p<0.05), Gonial açı (p<0.001), Jarabak oranı (p<0.001) ve IMPA (p<0.01) farklı vertikal gelişim paternleriyle ilişkili bulunmuştur. SN/GoGn ile SNA, SNB, IMPA açıları ve Jarabak oranı arasında negatif, Gonial açı ile de pozitif korelasyon saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Dikey yüz gelişimdeki değişiklikler yüzün sagittal gelişimi etkilemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: büyüme ve gelişim, maksilla, mandibula, vertikal boyut, maksilofasiyal gelişim
___
- 1. Rosso L, Riatti R, Contardo L. Sagittal and Vertical Craniofacial Growth Pattern and Timing of Circumpubertal Skeletal Maturation: A Multiple Regression Study. BioMed Research İnternational, 2016, 1728712, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1728712
- 2. Enlow DH, Hans MG. Essentials of facial growth. WB Saunders Company, 1996.
- 3. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM, Ackerman JL. Contemporary Orthodontics, 2000.
- 4. Moss ML, Rankow RM. The role of the functional matrix in mandibular growth. The Angle Orthodontist, 1968, 38: 95-103.
- 5. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 1. The role of mechanotransduction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1997, 112: 8-11.
- 6. Isaacson JR, Speidel T, Frank W. Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations. The Angle Orthodontist, 1971, 41: 219-229.
- 7. Schudy FF. Vertical growth versus anteroposterior growth as related to function and treatment. The Angle Orthodontist, 1964, 34: 75-93.
- 8. Isaacson RJ, Zapfel RJ, Worms FW ,Arthur GE. Effects of rotational jaw growth on the occlusion and profile. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1977, 72: 276-286.
- 9. Björk A, Skieller V. Growth and development of the maxillary complex. Informationen aus Orthodontie und Kieferorthopadie: mit Beitragen aus der internationalen Literatur, 1984, 16: 9-52.
- 10. Schendel SA, Eisenfeld J, Bell WH, Epker BN, Mishelevich DJ. The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1976, 70: 398-408.
- 11. Opdebeeck H, Bell WH, Eisenfeld J, Mishelevich D. Comparative study between the SFS and LFS rotation as a possible morphogenic mechanism. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1978, 74: 509-521.
- 12. Opdebeeck H, Bell WH. The short face syndrome. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1978, 73: 499-511.
- 13. Sergueef N. Cranial Osteopathy For Infants, Children and Adolescents: A Pratical Handbook. Elsvier Health Science, England, 2007: 301.
- 14. Fields HW, Warren DW, Black K, Phillips CL. Relationship between vertical dentofacial morphology and respiration in adolescents. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1991, 99: 147-154.
- 15. Linder-Aronson S. Respiratory function in relation to facial morphology and the dentition. British Journal of Orthodontics, 1979, 6: 59-71.
- 16. Mahony D, Karsten A, Linder-Aronson S. Effects of adenoidectomy and changed mode of breathing on incisor and molar dentoalveolar heights and anterior face heights. Australian Orthodontic Journal, 2004, 20: 93.
- 17. Yamada T, Tanne K, Miyamoto K, Yamauchi K. Influences of nasal respiratory obstruction on craniofacial growth in young Macaca fuscata monkeys. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1997, 111: 38-43.
- 18. Woodside DG, Linder-Aronson S, Lundström A, McWilliam J. Mandibular and maxillary growth after changed mode of breathing. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1991, 100: 1-18.
- 19. Erverdi N. Çağdaş Ortodonti. Quintessence Publishing, 2017,97.
- 20. Van Der Klaauw JC. Size and position of the functional components of the skull. A contribution to the knowledge of the architecture of the skull, based on data in the literature. Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie, 1952, 9: 1-556.
- 21. Sicher H, Dubruk E, Lloyd. Sicher's oral anatomy. Mosby Incorporated, 1980.
- 22. Kuitert R, Beckmann S, van Loenen M, Tuinzing B, Zentner A. Dentoalveolar compensation in subjects with vertical skeletal dysplasia. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2006, 129: 649-657.
- 23. Kucera J, Marek I, Tycova H, Baccetti T. Molar height and dentoalveolar compensation in adult subjects with skeletal open bite. The Angle Orthodontist, 2011, 81: 564-569.
- 24. Beckmann SH, Kuikert RB, Prahl-Andersen B, Segner D, The RPS, Tuinzing DB, Alveolar and skeletal dimensions associatedwith overbite. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1998, 113: 443-452.
- 25. Ishikawa H, Shinji N, Iwasaki H, Kitazawa S, Tsukada H, Sato Y. Dentoalveolar compensation related to variations in sagittal jaw relationships. The Angle Orthodontist, 1999, 69: 534-538.
- 26. Bishara SSE, Jakobsen JR. Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1985, 88: 466-502.
- 27. Schudy FF. The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment. The Angle Orthodontist, 1965, 35: 36-50.
- 28. Isaacson RJ, Zapfel RJ, Worms FW, Erdman AG. Effects of rotational jaw growth on the occlusion and profile. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1977, 72: 276-286.
- 29. Ceylan İ, Baydaş B, Erdem A. Ağız Solunumunun Yatay ve Dikey Yüz Gelişimi Üzerine Olan Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 1995,2.
- 30. Chung C-H, Wong WW. Craniofacial growth in untreated skeletal Class II subjects: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2002, 122: 619-626.
- 31. Ellis 3rd E.Throckmorton G, Sinn DP. Functional characteristics of patients with anterior open bite before and after surgical correction. The International Journal of Adult Orthodontics and Orthognathic surgery, 1996, 11: 211-223.
- 32. Richardson A. Skeletal factors in anterior open-bite and deep overbite. American Journal of Orthodontics, 1969, 56: 114-127.
- 33. Thompson GW, Popovich F. Static and dynamic analyses of gonial angle size. The Angle Orthodontist, 1974, 44: 227-234.
- 34. Ishii N, Deguchi T, Hunt NP. Craniofacial morphology of Japanese girls with Class II division 1 malocclusion. Journal of Orthodontics, 2001, 28: 211-216.
- 35. Ishii N, Deguchi T, Hunt NP. Morphological differences in the craniofacial structure between Japanese and Caucasian girls with Class II Division 1 malocclusions. The European Journal of Orthodontics, 2002, 24: 61-67.
- 36. Lux CJ, Raeth O, Burden D, Conradt C, Komposch G. Sagittal and vertical growth of the jaws in class II, division 1 and class II, division 2 malocclusions during prepubertal and pubertal development. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics, 2004, 65: 290-311.
- 37. Hering K, Ruf S, Pancherz H. Orthodontic treatment of openbite and deepbite high-angle malocclusions. The Angle Orthodontist, 1999, 69: 470-477.
- 38. Rübendüz M., Esenlik E. Derin kapanışlı bireylerin karakteristik yapı özellikleri ve erken dönem tedavi yaklaşımları. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi, 2002, 15: 28-35.