Elektrik Güç Şebekesi’nde Gerilim Titreşim Analizi için Elektrik Ark Ocağının Dinamik Modeli ile Gerçek Çalışma Verilerinin Karşılaştırılması

Demir-çelik imalat sanayinde hurda metallerin ergitilmesi ve rafine edilmesi için kullanılan elektrik ark ocakları (EAF'leri), dengesiz ve oldukça doğrusal olmayan özellikler sergileyen en rahatsız edici yüklerden biridir. EAF'nin şebekeden çektiği akımın hızla değişmesi sonucu güç sisteminde ciddi gerilim dalgalanmaları meydana gelir. Gerilim dalgalanmaları, ışık kaynaklarında üretim ortamını etkileyen gözlemlenebilir değişiklikler olarak tanımlanan, personelde göz yorgunluğuna ve iş konsantrasyon düzeylerinin düşmesine neden olan ve kırpışma olarak bilinen bir güç kalitesi sorununa yol açar. Gerilim kırpışma problemini araştırmak için, EAF yükünün davranışını açıklayan doğru bir matematiksel modele ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada, zaman domeninde farklı çalışma koşullarına göre ayarlanabilen dinamik bir EAF modeli geliştirilmiştir. Elektrik ark gerilimi, harici olarak kontrol edilebilen bir gerilim kaynağı olarak modellenmiştir. Anlık ark gerilimi, akımdan bağımsız olarak ark uzunluğunun bir fonksiyonu olarak ifade edilmiştir. Zamanla değişen ve doğrusal olmayan ark direnci de anlık ark gerilimi değeri kullanılarak diferansiyel denklemlerle hesaplanmıştır. Güç sisteminde EAF'nin neden olduğu kısa süreli kırpışma şiddeti indeksini ölçmek için Uluslararası Elektroteknik Komisyonu (IEC) 61000-4-15 standardına uygun bir kırpışma ölçer tasarlanmıştır. EAF'nin akım-gerilim karakteristiği, güç sistemine etkisi ve ortak bağlantı noktasında (PCC) oluşan kırpışma şiddeti, PSCAD/EMTDC yazılımı kullanılarak simülasyon çalışmaları ile analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, EAF'nin dinamik modelinin simülasyon sonuçları, ölçülen saha verilerine dayalı modelden elde edilen sonuçlarla karşılaştırılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Elektrik ark ocağı, Kırpışma, Güç kalitesi, Kırpışma ölçer

Comparison of a Dynamic Model of Electric Arc Furnace with Actual Operation Data for Voltage Flicker Analysis in Electrical Power Network

Electric arc furnaces (EAFs) used in the iron and steel manufacturing industry for melting and reﬁning scrap metals are one of the most disturbing loads that exhibit unbalanced and highly nonlinear characteristics. Serious voltage fluctuations occur in the power system as a result of the rapid change in the current drawn from the grid by the EAF. Voltage fluctuations lead to a power quality problem known as flicker, which is defined as observable changes in light sources that affect the production environment, cause eye fatigue in personnel, and lower the work concentration levels. To investigate the voltage flicker problem, an accurate mathematical model describing the behavior of the EAF load is required. In this study, a dynamic EAF model that can be adjusted to different operating conditions has been developed in the time domain. The electric arc voltage has been modeled as an externally controllable voltage source. The instantaneous arc voltage has been expressed as a function of the arc length independent of the current. The arc resistance, which varies with time and is nonlinear, has also been calculated with differential equations using the instantaneous arc voltage value. To measure the short-term flicker severity index caused by the EAF in the power system, a flicker meter in compliance with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61000-4-15 standard has been designed. The current-voltage characteristics of the EAF, its effect on the power system, and the flicker severity occurring at the point of common coupling (PCC) have been analyzed with simulation studies using the PSCAD/EMTDC software. Besides, the simulation results of the dynamic model of the EAF have been compared with the results obtained from the model based on the measured ﬁeld data.

Keywords:

Electric arc furnace, Flicker, Power quality, Flickermeter,

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