Üretimin Parçalanması ve Uluslararası Outsourcing Ticareti

Bu çalışmada üretimin uluslararası parçalanması ve yeni bir ticaret biçimi olarak uluslararası outsourcing ticaretinin ortaya çıkışı açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Öncelikle üretimin parçalanmasına yönelik teorik çerçeve açıklanmıştır. Üretimin parçalanması daha önce bütünleşik süreçte üretilen bir malın üretiminin parçalanarak her bir parçanın parçalar halinde üretilmesi süreci (ürün içi uzmanlaşma) olarak ifade edilebilir. Her ülke parçalanmış üretim sürecinde farklı parçaların üretiminde uzmanlaşabilir. Fakat parçalanma maliyetsiz değildir. Hizmet köprüleri parçalanmanın firmaya yüklediği maliyetleri kapsar. Parçalanmadan (Ürün içi uzmanlaşmadan) doğan yararlar parçalanmanın firmaya yüklediği maliyetleri aştığı sürece firma parçalanmaya yönelebilecektir. Parçalanmanın neden olduğu ticaret akımlarından biri uluslararası outsourcing ticaretidir. Uluslararası outsourcing daha önce kendi bünyesinde bütünleşik süreçte üretilen malın parçasının/parçalarının ülke dışında yerleşik yabancı bir firmadan tedarik edilmesi sürecidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Üretim Blokları, Hizmet Köprüleri, Parçalanma, Uluslararası Outsourcing, Ürün-içi Uzmanlaşma

Production Fragmentation and International Outsourcing Trade

This paper try to explain the international fragmentation of production and international outsourcing as a new form of trade. For this purpose, initially the therotetichal framework for production fragmentation has been explained. Production fragmentation refers fragmentation of an integrated production process and then productions of each part. Thanks to fragmantation of production each country specialize in different parts of the final good. However fragmentation is not costless. Fragmentation impose to firms some cost called as service links. As long as gains from fragmetation exceed the service links cost the firm tend to engage in fragmentation. Fragmenatiton is a pre-condition for outsourcing. Thus, oursourcing ocurrs as a new form of trade after fragmantation and refers to procurement of the goods and sevices from a foreign firm that located in foreign country.

Keywords:

Production Blocks, Service Links, Fragmentation, International Outsourcing, Intra-Product Specialization,

PDF

___

Akçomak, İ. S. (2012). İş gücü piyasasındaki güncel dinamikler: Teknoloji, küreselleşme ve ithal girdi kullanımı (No. 1202). TEKPOL working paper series.
Amiti, M., & Wei, S. J. (2005). Fear of service outsourcing: is it justified?. Economic policy, 20 (42), 308-347.
Ando, M., & Kimura, F. (2005). The formation of international production and distribution networks in East Asia. In International Trade in East Asia, NBER-East Asia Seminar on Economics, Volume 14 (pp. 177-216). University of Chicago Press.
Ando, M., & Kimura, F. (2009). Fragmentation in East Asia: further evidence. ERIA discussion paper, (2009-20).
Arndt, S. W. (1997). Globalization and the open economy. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 8 (1), 71-79.
Arndt, S. W. (1998). Super specialization and the gains from trade. Contemporary Economic Policy, 16 (4), 480-485.
Arndt, S. W. (1999). Globalization and economic development. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 8 (3), 309-318. Baldwin, R. (2006). Globalisation: The great unbundling(s). Economic Council of Finland, 20 (2006), 5-47.
Baldwin, R. (2009). Integration of the North American Economy and New-Paradigm Globalization, Government of Canada No. 49. Policy Research Initiative Working Paper Series.
Deardorff, A. V. (2001). Fragmentation in simple trade models. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 12 (2), 121-137.
Egger, H. (2003). Outsourcing in a global world. Dissertation der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich
Feenstra, R. C. (1998). Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the global economy. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31-50.
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2005). Outsourcing in a global economy. The Review of Economic Studies, 72 (1), 135-159.
Horgos, D. (2008). International Outsourcing-Some Measurement Problems. Mimeo.
Jones, R. W., & Kierzkowski, H. (1990). The Role of Services in Production and International Trade: A Theoretical Framework. Published in The Political Economy of International Trade, edited by Ronald W. Jones and Anne O. Krueger, Basil Blackwell. Erişim:http://www.econ.rochester.edu/people/jones/Role_of_Services.pdf
Jones, R. W., & Kierzkowski, H. (2000). A Framework for Fragmentation. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, TI 2000-056/2. Erişim: http://papers.tinbergen.nl/00056.pdf
Jones, R., Kierzkowski, H., & Lurong, C. (2005). What does evidence tell us about fragmentation and outsourcing?. International Review of Economics & Finance, 14 (3), 305-316.
OECD. (2007). Staying competitive in the global economy: Moving up the value chain. OECD.
Ruane, F. & Görg, H. (1999). Globalisation and Fragmentation: Evidence from the Electronics Industry in Ireland (No. 9911). Trinity College Dublin, Department of Economics.
WTO (1998). Annual Report 1998. World Trade Organization.
Yamashita, N. (2010). International Fragmentation of Production: The Impact of Outsourcing on the Japanese Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. UK.