COBALT AND ASCORBIC ACID TREATMENT: EFFECTS ON TISSUE NITRIC OXIDE LEVELS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN- DIABETIC RAT

Öz The aim of present study was to determine the effect of cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2) and CoCl2plus ascorbic acid (AA) on liver and kidney nitric oxide level at different stage of diabetes. Three days after streptozotocin (STZ) injection, rats were divided into six groups: control, diabetic, control and diabetic treated with cobalt chloride, control and diabetics treated with cobalt chloride plus ascorbic acid. 0.5 mM CoCl2 or 0.5 mM CoCl2 plus 1 g/l ascorbic acid were added to their drinking water daily. At the end of the second, fourth and sixth week of the treatment all animals were sacrified by decapitation. Liver and kidney tissues were removed for the determination of nitric oxide (NO) levels. Cobalt treatment effectively decreased the nitric oxide levels both in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats. Thus, the effect of oral administration of cobalt treatment may prove effective in improving the impaired nitrite status during the early stage of diabetes and ascorbic acid supplementation at this dose (1g/l) potentiates the effectiveness of cobalt action

___

Abrams MJ, Murrer BA (1993). Metal compounds in therapy and diagnosis. Scien. 261: 725- 730.

Baynes JW, Thorne S (1999). Role of oxidative stress diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes 48: 1-9.

Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA (1990). Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxiynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Nat. Acad. Scien. USA, 87: 1620–1624.

Behrens WA, Madere R (1991). Vitamin C and vitamin E status in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat before the onset of diabetes. Metabol. 40(1): 76.

Braman RS, Hendrix SA (1989). Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in environmental and biological materials by vanadium (III) reduction with chemiluminescence detection. Anal. Chem. 61: 2715-2718.

Brichard SM, Henquin JC (1995). The role of vanadium in the management of diabetes. TiPS 16: 265-270.

Bucala R, Tracey KJ, Cerami A (1991). Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilation in experimental diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 432-438.

Corbett JA, Mikhael A, Shimizu J, Frederick K, Misco TP, McDaniel ML, Kanagawa O (1993). Nitric oxide production in islets from nonobese diabetic mice: aminoguanidine-sensitive and resistant stages in the immunological diabetic process. Proc. Nat. Acad. Scien. USA 90: 8992

Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR (1982). Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N] nitrate in biological fluids. Anal.Bioch. 126: 131-138.

Grisham MB, Jourd-Heuil D, Wink DA (1999). Nitric oxide. I. Physiological chemistry of nitric oxide and its metabolites: implications in inflammation. Am. J. Physiol. 276: G315–21.

Guevara I, Iwanejko J, Dembinska-Kiec A, Pankiewicz J, Wanat A, Anna P, Golabek I, Bartus S, Malczewska-Malec M, Szczudlik A (1998).Determination of nitrite/nitrate in human biological material by the simple Griess reaction. Clin. Chim. Acta 274: 177-188.

Halliwell B (1997). Antioxidant and human disease: a general introduction. Nut. Rev. 55(1): S44-S52.

Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, Chaudhuri G (1987). Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Nat. Acad. Scien.USA 84 (24): 9265–9269.

Ischiropoulos H, Zhu L, Beckman JS (1992). Peroxynitrite formation from macrophage-derived nitric oxide. Arch. Bioch. Biophy. 298 (2): 446–451.

Kruszyna H, Megyar JS, Rochelle LG, Russell MA, Wilcox DE, Smith RP (1998). Spectroscopic studies of nitric oxide (NO) interactions with cobalamins: reaction of NO with superoxocobalamin(III) likely accounts for cobalamin reversal of the biological effects of NO. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 285: 665–671.

Mesaros S (1999). Determination of nitric oxide saturated solution by amperometry on modified microelectrode. Meth. Enzymol. 301: 160-168.

Moncada S, Higgs A (1993). The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. New England J. Med. 329 (27): 2002–2012.

Novelli ELB, Rodrigues NL (1988). Effect of nickel chloride on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 66: 663-665.

Opara EC (2002). Oxidative stress, micronutrients, diabetes mellitus and its complications. J. Royal Soc. Prom. Health 122: 28-34.

Özçelikay TA, Becker DJ, Ongemba LN, Pottier A-M, Henquin J-C. Brichard S M. (1996). Improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats treated with molybdate. Am. J. Physiol. 270: E344-E352.

Rochelle LG, Morana SJ, Kruszyna H, Russell MA, Wilcox DE, Smith RP (1995). Interactions between hydroxocobalamin and nitric oxide (NO): evidence for a redox reaction between NO and reduced cobalamin and reversible NO binding to oxidized cobalamin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 275: 48–52.

Saker F, Ybarra J, Leahy P, Hanson RW, Kalhan SC Ismail-Beigi F (1998). Glycemia-lowering effect of cobalt chloride in the diabetic rat: role of decreased gluconeogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. 274: E984-E991.

Satoh M, Fujimoto S, Haruna Y, Arakawa S, Horike H, Komai N, Sasaki T, Tsujioka K, Makino H, Kashihara N (2005). NAD(P)H oxidase and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase are major sources of glomerular superoxide in rats with experimental diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 288: F1144–F1152.

Shisheva A, Gefel D, Shechter Y (1992). Insulinlike effects of zinc in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes, 41: 982-988.

Siman CM, Eriksson UJ (1997). Vitamin C supplementation of the maternal diet reduces the rate of malformation in the offspring of diabetic rats. Diabetologia 40(12): 1416-1424.

Singh S, Evans TW (1997). Nitric oxide, the biological mediator of the decade: fact of fiction?. Eur. Res. J 10: 699-707. Ybarra J, Behrooz A, Gabriel A, Köseoğlu MH, Ismail-Beigi F (1997). Glycemia-lowering effect of cobalt chloride in the diabetic rat: increased GLUT1 mRNA expression. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 133: 151-160.

Yıldırım Ö, Büyükbingöl Z (2002). Effects of supplementation with a combination of cobalt and ascorbic acid on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels in streptozotocin diabetic rat liver. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 90: 143–154.

Yıldırım Ö, Büyükbingöl, Z (2003a). In vivo effects of vitamin C with cobalt on oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rat kidney, Diabetes Nut. Metab. 6: 208–213.

Yıldırım Ö, Büyükbingöl, Z. (2003b). Effect of cobalt on the oxidative status in heart and aorta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cell Biochem. Funct. 21: 27–33.

Wink DA, Vodovotz Y, Grisham MB, Degraff W, Cook JC, Pacelli R, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB (1999). Antioxidant effects of nitric oxide. Method. Enzymol. 301: 413-424.