Antakya sınır kentinde otantik bir “çokkültürlülük” deneyimi

Türkiye’nin Suriye sınırında bulunan Antakya kenti, Türkiye’nin pek çok kentinden farklı olarak, çoğulculuğunu tarihsel olarak korumuştur ve bu şekliyle çokkültürlülüğün iyi bir örneğini sergilemektedir. Ancak bu, Antakya’ya özgü otantik bir örnektir. Makale, bugün Antakya’da var olan çokkültürlülüğün özünün Osmanlı eski millet sistemi ile Cumhuriyet döneminde uygulanan modernleşme sürecinin unsurlarının bir karışımından oluştuğunu ileri sürmektedir. Dolayısıyla makale yerel, ulusal ve küresel arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkiyi ortaya çıkaracak farklı tarihsel dönemlere bakmadan, bu otantik kültürün bir üniter ulus devletin sınır alanında nasıl süregeldiğini anlamanın mümkün olmadığını vurgular. Bu bağlamda, makalede Osmanlı ve Kemalist yönetimlerin; Avrupa Birliği’ne giriş sürecindeki tartışmaların; ve Suriye’deki son krizin Antakya’da gruplar arası ilişkileri ve kimlikleşme süreçlerini nasıl etkilediği irdelenir.

An authentic experience of “multiculturalism” at the border city of antakya

Antakya, a city on the Turkish border with Syria, has in contrast to many cities in Turkey, been successful historically in protecting its plurality and in this form it exhibits a good example of multiculturalism. However this is an authentic example peculiar to Antakya. The paper tries to put forth that the core of Antakya’s multiculturalism today is comprised of the intermingling of component of the Ottoman old “millet” system with elements of modernization process implemented during the Republican period. Thus the paper asserts that it is not possible to understand how this authentic culture within the border field of a Unitarian Nation State has continued without looking at the different historical periods that reveal the reciprocal relationship between local, national and global. In this context the impacts of Ottomanist governance and of Kemalism; of the debates about the entrance into the E.U. as well as the recent crisis in Syria on inter-ethnic relations and the identification processes in Antakya are being scrutinized.

PDF

___

ADA, Serhan, Türk-Fransız İlişkilerinde Hatay Sorunu, İstanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yayınları, Istanbul, 2005.
AHMAD, Feroz, The Making of Modern Turkey, Routledge, New York, 1993.
ANDREWS, Peter, Ethnic Groups in Republic of Turkey, L. Reichert, Wiesbaden, 1989.
AKAR, Ridvan, 20. Yüzyılın Malazgirtleri. Birikim: Etnik Kimlik ve Azınlıklar, 1995.
APPADURAI, Arjun, Modernity at large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1996.
ARINGBERG-LAANATZA, Marianne, “Alevis in Turkey-Alevis in Syria: Similarites & Differences”, in Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Özdalga, E. & Catharina Raudvere (ed.), Alevi Identity, Swedish Research Institute, Stockholm, 1998, pp. 151-165.
ASWAD, Barbara, Land, Marriage and Lineage Organization among Sedentarized Pastoralists in the Hatay, Southern Turkey: A Diachronic Analysis, Ann Arbor, MI, 1968.
ATAMAN, Demir, Çağlar İçinde Antakya, Akbank Yayını, 1996.
ATİK, Kayhan, “Ahilik Teşkilatı Ve Türkler Üzerindeki Etkiler”, in Ahilik Araştırmaları Dergisi (Ahad), 1. Sayı, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ahilik Araştırmaları Merkezi, Ankara, Haziran 2005.
BARTH, Frederic, “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance”, in Frederic Barth (ed.), Ethnic Groups and Boundarie, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, pp.117-135.
BOZKURT, Fuat, Çağdaşlaşma Sürecinde Alevilik, Doğan Kitapçılık, İstanbul, 2000.
BRETTELL, Caroline, (ed.), Constructing Borders/Crossing Boundaries: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration, Lexington Books, Plymouth, 2007, pp. 334.
CANEFE, Nergis, “Tribalism & Nationalism in Turkey”, in Kenneth Christie (ed), Ethnic Conflict, Tribal Politics, Curzon, Richmond, Surrey, 1998, pp. 153-165.
RALPH, Grillo, Pluralism and the politics of difference: State, culture, and ethnicity in comparative perspective, Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.
HANNERZ, Ulf 1992 Cultural complexity: Studies in the social organization of meaning, New York: Columbia University Press
HAVILAND, William, Cultural Anthropology, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers: Fort Worth, 1999.
HIRSCHON, Renée, Heirs of the Greek Catastrophe : The Social Life of Asia Minor Refugees in Piraeus, Oxford, Berghahn Books, New York, 1998.
IŞIN, Engin AND PATRICIA K. Wood, Citizenship and Identity, Sage, London, 1999.
LE GOFF, Jacques, La Civilization de L’Occident Medieval. Paris: Arthau, 1984.
KARPAT, Kemal, “The Ottoman Ethnic and Confessional Legacy in the Middle East”, in Milton J. Esman and Itamar Rabinovich (ed.), Ethnicity, Pluralism and State in the Middle East, London: Cornell University Press, 1998, pp. 35-54
KEDOURIE, Elie, “Ethnicity, Majority and Minority in the Middle East”, in Milton J. Esman and Itamar Rabinovich (ed.), Ethnicity, Pluralism and State in the Middle East, Cornell University Press, London, 1988, pp.25-35
KEYMAN, Fuat AND AYDIN, Senem, Modernleşme ve Milliyetçilik, Gündogan Yayınları, Ankara, 1993.
KİRİŞÇİ, Kemal, “The Case of the Kurds in Turkey”, in Gladney Dru (ed), Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, China, Korea, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2000, pp. 227-245.
MACAR, Elçin AND BENLİSOY, Yorgo, Fener Patrikhanesi, Ayraç Yayınevi, Ankara, 1996.
NASH, Manning, “The Cauldron of Ethnicity in the Modern World”, in John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (ed.), Ethnicity, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp.24-28.
OLSSON, Tord, The Gnosis of Mountanieers and Townspeople. The Religion of Syrian Alawites, or the Nusairis’ in Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Özdalga, E. & Catharina Raudvere (ed.), Alevi Identity, Swedish Research Institute, Stockholm, 1998, pp. 167-177.
RALPH, Grillo, Pluralism and the politics of difference: State, culture, and ethnicity in comparative perspective, Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.
HANNERZ, Ulf 1992 Cultural complexity: Studies in the social organization of meaning, New York: Columbia University Press
HAVILAND, William, Cultural Anthropology, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers: Fort Worth, 1999.
HIRSCHON, Renée, Heirs of the Greek Catastrophe : The Social Life of Asia Minor Refugees in Piraeus, Oxford, Berghahn Books, New York, 1998.
IŞIN, Engin AND PATRICIA K. Wood, Citizenship and Identity, Sage, London, 1999.
LE GOFF, Jacques, La Civilization de L’Occident Medieval. Paris: Arthau, 1984.
KARPAT, Kemal, “The Ottoman Ethnic and Confessional Legacy in the Middle East”, in Milton J. Esman and Itamar Rabinovich (ed.), Ethnicity, Pluralism and State in the Middle East, London: Cornell University Press, 1998, pp. 35-54
KEDOURIE, Elie, “Ethnicity, Majority and Minority in the Middle East”, in Milton J. Esman and Itamar Rabinovich (ed.), Ethnicity, Pluralism and State in the Middle East, Cornell University Press, London, 1988, pp.25-35
KEYMAN, Fuat AND AYDIN, Senem, Modernleşme ve Milliyetçilik, Gündogan Yayınları, Ankara, 1993.
KİRİŞÇİ, Kemal, “The Case of the Kurds in Turkey”, in Gladney Dru (ed), Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, China, Korea, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2000, pp. 227-245.
MACAR, Elçin AND BENLİSOY, Yorgo, Fener Patrikhanesi, Ayraç Yayınevi, Ankara, 1996.
NASH, Manning, “The Cauldron of Ethnicity in the Modern World”, in John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (ed.), Ethnicity, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp.24-28.
OLSSON, Tord, The Gnosis of Mountanieers and Townspeople. The Religion of Syrian Alawites, or the Nusairis’ in Tord Olsson, Elisabeth Özdalga, E. & Catharina Raudvere (ed.), Alevi Identity, Swedish Research Institute, Stockholm, 1998, pp. 167-177.
ORAN, Baskin, Kuresellesme ve Azinliklar, Imaj, Ankara, 2001
ORAN, Baskin, Türkiye’de Azinliklar, Iletisim Yayinlari, Istanbul, 2004.
ORTAYLI, İlber, “Alevilik, Nusayrilik ve Bâb-ı Âlî“, in Irene Melikoff, Ilber Ortaylı and Hakan Yavuz (ed.), Tarihi ve Kültürel Boyutları ile Türkiye’de Aleviler, Bektaşiler, Nusayriler, İnkılap Kitabevi, Istanbul, pp. 193-199.
ÖNİŞ, Ziya, “Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to the State: Turkey-EU Relations”, in the Post-Helsinki Era’, in Ali Çarkoğlu and Barry Rubin (ed.), Turkey and the European Union-Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2003.
ÖZ, Mustafa, “Nusayriyye”, in Irene Melikoff, Ilber Ortaylı and Hakan Yavuz (ed.), Tarihi ve Kültürel Boyutları ile Türkiye’de Aleviler, Bektaşiler, Nusayriler, İnkılap Kitabevi, Istanbul, 1998, pp. 181-192
ÖZBAY, Ferhunde, Women, Family and Social Change in Turkey, Unesco, Bangkok, 1990.
ÖZVEREN, Eyüp, Zaman Içinde Avrupa, Akdeniz Dünyası ve Antakya Üzerine Düşünceler’ in Eyüp Özveren, Oktay Özel, Süha Ünsal and Kudret Emiroğlu (ed.), Akdeniz Dünyası, İletişim Yayınları, 2006, pp. 13-26.
RAJARAM, Prem K. AND GRUNDY-Warr, Borderscapes: Hidden Geographies and Politics and Territory’s Edge. Minneapolis, MN/London: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
ROBERTSON, Roland, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, Sage, London, 1992.
STOKES, Martin, “Ritual, Identity and the State: An Alevi (Shi’a) Cem Ceremony”, in Kirsten Schulze, Martin Stokes and Colm Campbell (eds), Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East, Tauris Academic Studies, London, 1996.
ŞENER, Cemal, Alevilik Olayı: Toplumsal Bir Başkaldırının Kısa Tarihçesi, Yön Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1988.
TÜRKMEN, Ahmet Faik, Mufassal Hatay Tarihi, Vol.1, Cumhuriyet Matbaası, İstanbul, 1937.
UYSAL, Gürhan, “Türk İş Ve Meslek Ahlâkînin Tarihî Ve Kültürel Boyutu Olarak Ahilik Geleneği”, in Ahilik Araştırmaları Dergisi (Ahad), Gazi Üniversitesi, Ahilik Araştırmaları Merkezi 1. Sayı, Ankara, Haziran 2005.
UYSAL, Gürhan, “The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of the the Kurdish Alevis” in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi (ed.), Syncretistic religious communities in the near east: Collected papers, Brill, New York, 1997, pp. 23-31.
YALÇINKAYA, Ayhan, Alevilikte Toplumsal Kurumlar ve İktidar, Mülkiyeliler Birliği, Ankara, 1996.
ZELYUT, Riza, Aleviler Ne Yapmalı, Yön Yayınları, Istanbul, 1993.
ZURCHER, Erik Jan, Turkey: A Modern History, I.B. Tauris and Co. Ltd, London, 1993.
II. Articles
CANEFE, Nergis, “Turkish Nationalism and ethno-symbolic analysis: the rules of exception”, Nations and Nationalism 8 (2), 2002, ASEN, pp. 133-155, 2002.
DERİNGİL, Selim, “The Invention of Tradition in Late Ottoman Empire”, in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 35, No. 1. (Jan., 1993), pp. 3-29.
GUPTA, Achilles AND FERJUSON, James, Beyond “Culture”: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference, Cultural Anthropology, Feb. Vol. 7, No. 1 Blackwell Publishing, 1992.
POYRAZ, Bedriye, “The Turkish State and Alevis: Changing Parameters of an Uneasy Relationship”, in Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 41, No. 4, July 2005, pp. 503-516.
VAN BRUINESSEN, Martin, “Kurds, Turks and the Alevi revival in Turkey”, in Middle East Reports, No 200 (Summer 1996), pp. 7-10.
III. Internet Sources
VAN BRUINESSEN, Martin, “Transformations of Heterodoxy”, ISIM Newsletter 7/015, March 2001, p.5, http://www.isim.nl/files/newsl_7.pdf.
Hatay Gazette, 2012, 07 April, http://www.hataygazetesi.com/suriyedeki-ates- nakliyecileri-yakti.
“Blurring the Borders: Strian Spillover Risks for Turkey”, International Crisis Group, Europe Report N°225, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/ europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/225-blurring-the-borders-syrian- spillover-risks-for-turkey.aspx (Accessed: 30.5.2013).