19.Yüzyıl Güney Afrika İktisat Tarihi

Güney Afrika ekonomisi çeşitli aşamalardan geçmiştir. Öncelikle Hollandalı’lar geçen gemilere yiyecek temin etmek amacı ile adaya gelmişlerdir. Sonrasında Ümit Burnu’nun stratejik önemi dolayısıyla Britanya işgal etmiştir. Britanya işgalinden sonra sömürge ülkesi haline gelmiştir. Kendine kendine yetmeye çalışan topraklarında üretim yapan yerliler, topraklarından zorla çıkarılarak ucuz işgücü olmaya zorlanmışlardır. Britanyalılar gemilerle gelerek burada sosyo-ekonomik bir yapı inşa etmeye çalışmıştır. Altın ve elmasın keşfi ile Britanya sermaye birikimini hızlandırmıştır. Ayrıca Güney Afrika’ya sonradan gelenler yerleşimciler siyahilere ırkçılık yapılmıştır. Çalışma ve yaşam koşulları beyazların çok daha gerisinde kalmıştır. Buna karşılık olarak siyahiler direnişe geçmiştir. Ve direnişi kazanarak Mandela liderleri olmuştur. Mandela yönetiminde siyahilerin hakları genişletilmiştir. Ancak yine de Güney Afrika’da yoksulluk problemi tamamen çözülememiştir. Çalışmada tüm bu dönüşümler yerli ve yabancı literatür taranarak detaylı şekilde ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Güney Afrika, Irkçılık, Toprak, Çiftçilik, Emek

19th Century South African Economic History

The South African economy has gone through several phases. First of all, the Dutch came to the island to provide food for passing ships. Later, due to the strategic importance of the Cape of Good Hope, Britain occupied it. It became a colonial country after the British occupation. The natives who produce on their lands trying to be self-sufficient were forced out of their lands and forced to become cheap labor. The British came by ships and tried to build a socio-economic structure here. With the discovery of gold and diamonds, Britain accelerated its capital accumulation. In addition, racism was made against the settlers who came to South Africa later. Working and living conditions lagged far behind whites. In response, blacks resisted. And by winning the resistance, Mandela became their leader. Under Mandela, the rights of blacks were expanded. However, the problem of poverty in South Africa has not been completely resolved. In the study, all these transformations were discussed in detail by scanning domestic and foreign literature.

Keywords:

South Africa, Racism, Land, Farming, Labour,

PDF

___

Avgerinos, K. P. (2009). Russia's Public Diplomacy Effort: What the Kremlin is Doing and Why it’s Not Working, Journal of Publicand International Affairs. 115-132. https://jpia.princeton.edu/sites/jpia/files/2009-6.pdf.
Bozkurt, S. (2006). Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu’nda Renkli Devrimler- Kırgızistan Örneği. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 1 (1), 118-138. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akademikincelemeler/issue/1559/19194
Costa, V. (2017). Shaping Diplomacy Through Sociak Media Networks in the 21st Century. Romanian Journal of History and International Studies, 4, (1), 139-154. https://core.ac.uk/display/268389877?utm_source= pdf&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=pdf-decoration-v1
Cull, N. J. (2009). Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past. Los Angeles: Figueroa Press. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/useruploads/u35361/2009%20Paper%202.pdf
Doğan, E. (2015). Rusya Federasyonu’nda Kamu Diplomasisi: Evrim ve Kurumlar. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Marmara University Journal of Political Science, 3 (2), 179-194. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/marusbd/issue/16984/177506
Ekşi, M. (2015). Rusya’nın Kanu Diplomasisi: Dış Politika Davranışlarıyla Çelişme Paradoksu.
Gilboa, E. (2001). Dipomacy in the Media Age: Three Models of Uses and Effects. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12 (2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592290108406201
Gogoi, M. (2022). No Dostoevsky in Italian universty, ban on Russian cats-fallout of Russian-Ukraine war. The Print, World. https://theprint.in/world/no-dostoevsky-in-italian-university-ban-on-russian-cats-fallout-of-russia-ukraine-war/860830/
Gorchakov Fund. About Us. Mission and Goals. https://en.gorchakovfund.ru/portal/page/2902cca9-09f4-4a53-b9ed-868b5977a57b
Gorchakov Fund. Georgian-Russian Center. http://gorchakovfund.ru/en/georgia/
Gökırmak, M. (2012). Küreselleşen Dünyada Diplomasi: Kamu Diplomasisi. Kamu Diplomasisi Enstitüsü. https://www.kamudiplomasisi.org/ana-sayfa/44-makaleler/124-kuereselleen-duenyada-diplomasi-kamu-diplomasisi-.pdf
İskit, T. (2018). 21.Yüzyılda Diplomasinin Özellikleri. T. İskitli, B. Yüce Dural (Der.), Diplomasi Tarihi, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını, 152-176. https://ets.anadolu.edu.tr/storage/nfs/ULI407U/ebook/ULI407U-12V1S1-8-0-1-SV1-ebook.pdf
İşyar, Ö. G. (2018). Avrasya ve Avrasyacılık. Bursa: Dora Yayınevi. Bursa.
Jane, M. (2014). Pre-Westphalian ve Westphalian Dönemden Post-Westphalian Döneme Gerçekleşen Diplomasinin Değişen Rolünün Analizi [Yüksel Lisans Tezi Uludağ Üniversitesi]. http://193.140.245.211/bitstream/11452/4721/1/380114.pdf
Jane, M. (2020). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Rusya Federasyonu’nun Trans-Kafkasya Diplomasisinin Analizi (1991-2018). Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1) https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1616533
Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 45, 43-56. http://www.karam.org.tr/Makaleler/1516911181_04.Muharrem %20EK%c5%9e%c4%b0.pdf
Meet Russia. https://meetrussia.online/
Melissen, J. (2013). Public Diplomacy. A. F. Cooper, J. Heine, R. Thakur (Der.). Oxford Handbooks of Modern Diplomacy, Oxford University Press.
MIA Russia Today. Agency History. https://xn--c1acbl2abdlkab1og.xn--p1ai/about_us/
NATO. What is NATO?. https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html#
Nye, J. S. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 616, 94-109. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c9f6/afe1d5352b44f51c6d9d4005f2b1fa644577.pdf
O Rossotrudnichestve. Rossotrudnichestvo. https://rs.gov.ru/about-foiv/
Oktay, E. G. (2012). NATO’nun Dönüşümü ve Kamu Diplomasisi’nin Artan Rolü. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 9 (34), 125-149. https://www.uidergisi.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Natonun-Donusumu-ve-Kamu.pdf
Özdal, B. (2015). Diplomasi. B. Özdal, R. K. Karaca (Der.), Diplomasi Tarihi 1, Bursa: Dora Yayınları, 27-52.
Özer, U. (2019). Definition and Importance of Diplomacy. E. Akdemir (Der.), Diplomacy, Anadolu University Publication. https://ets.anadolu.edu.tr/storage/nfs/ULI110U/ebook/ULI110U-18V1S1-8-0-1-SV1-ebook.pdf
Pew Research Center. (2007, June). Global Unease with Major World Powers. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2007/06/27/chapter-7-views-of-russia/
Pew Research Center. (2015, August). Russia, Putin Held in Low Regard around the World. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/08/05/russia-putin-held-in-low-regard-around-the-world/russia-image-08/
Pew Research Center. (2022, June). Overwhelmingly negative views toward Russia. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/06/22/international-attitudes-toward-the-u-s-nato-and-russia-in-a-time-of-crisis/pg_2022-07-22_u-s-image_3-01/
President of Russia. The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. (January 12, 2008). http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/4116
Rossiyskaya Gazeta. About The Newspaper. https://rg.ru/pages/about
Rossotrudnichestvo. About Rossotrudnichestvo. http://rs.gov.ru/en/about#%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82% D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F
Russia Beyond. About Us. https://www.rbth.com/about
Russia Profile. http://www.russiaprofile.org/
Russia Today. About Us. https://www.rt.com/about-us/
Russian Council. General Information. https://russiancouncil.ru/en/about/
Russkiy Mir Fundation. About Russkiy Mir Foundation. https://russkiymir.ru/en/fund/index.php
Saari, S. (2014). Russia's Post-Orange Revolution Strategies to Increase its Influence in Former Soviet Republics: Public Diplomacyporusskii. Europe-AsiaStudies, 66(1), 50-66, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.1080/09668136.2013.864109
Simons, G. (2014). Russian publicdiplomacy in the 21st century: Structure, means and message. Public Relations Review, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.03.002
Sputnik News. About Us. https://sputniknews.com/docs/about/index.html
Thien, P. P. ‘Explaining the Color Revolutions’, e-international relations, https://www.e-ir.info/2009/07/31/explaining-the-color-revolutions/
Tsetkova, N., Ruschin, D. (2021). Journal of Politital Marketing, 20:1, 50-59.
Twiplomacy. (2020). Twiplomacy Study 2020. https://twiplomacy.com/blog/twiplomacy-study-2020/ Valdai Club About. https://valdaiclub.com/about/valdai/
Velikaya, A. (2018). “Russian Approach to Public Diplomacy and Humanitarian Cooperation”. Rising Powers Quarterly. Volume 3, Issue 3, 39-61.