Yavuz GÜRBÜZ, Saddam AL İBRAHİM, Gürkan SEZMİŞ

Kenevir Bitkisi Yan Ürünlerinin, Hayvan Beslemede Alternatif Yem Kaynağı Olarak Kullanılabilirliği

Endüstriyel süreçlerden elde edilen bitki yan ürünlerini, hayvan sağlığı ve et üretimi gibi önemli faydalarından dolayı değerlendirmek gerekir. Endüstriyel bitkilerden kenevirin tohum, yaprak, tohum yağı ve küspesi gibi yan ürünleri bulunmaktadır. Bu yan ürünler önemli derecede besin maddesi içeriklerine sahiptirler. Bundan dolayı kenevirden elde edilen yan ürünler üzerinde fazla olmasa da çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Kenevir bitkisi yan ürünü kenevir tohumu küspesi ruminant ve kanatlı hayvanlarda yem kaynağı olarak bazı çalışmalarda kullanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, ruminant ve kanatlı hayvanların ürün ve verimleri olumlu etki sağlayacak fitokimyasallarının biyoyararlanımı ve biyoetkinliği hakkında yeterli çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu derleme ile kenevir bitkisinden elde edilen yan ürünler ve hayvan beslemede kullanımının etkileri hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Çünkü kenevir bitkisi ve yan ürünlerinden elde edilen tohum, yağ, küspe, kabuk, yaprak ve ekstraklarının içerikleri ve hayvan beslemede kullanımında miktar ve etkilerinin belirlenmesi gerekir. Her ne kadar bu konularla ilgili bazı çalışmalar olsa da ticari manada istenilen sonuçlar ortaya konulmamıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar kenevirin besin maddesi, fitokimyasal bileşimi, biyoyararlanımı ve biyoetkinliği olmuştur. Araştırmacılar bu konularda çeşitli çalışmalar yapmışlar ve bu sonuçları çeşitli makalelerde paylaşmışlardır. Bu derlemede kenevir bitkisi yan ürünleri hakkında ve yapılan çalışmaların sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesine yer verilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hayvan besleme, Kenevir bitkisi yan ürünleri, Ruminant ve kanatlı hayvanlar, Alternatif yem kaynakları

Usability of Cannabis Plant By-Products As An Alternative Feed Source in Animal Nutrition

PDF

___

Ali EMM, Almagboul AZI, Khogali SME, Gergeir UMA (2012). Antimicrobial activity of Cannabis sativa L. J Chinese Med. 3:61–4. doi: 10.4236/cm.2012.31010
Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. (2016) Cannabis sativa: the plant of the thousand and one molecules. Front Plant Sci. 7:19. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019
Brenneisen R. (2007) Chemistry and analysis of phytocannabinoids and other cannabis constituents. In: ElSohly MA, editor. Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press p. 17–49. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2 Callaway JC. (2004) Hempseed as a nutritional resource: an overview. Euphytica. 140:65–72. doi: 10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6
CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) (2020). Specific Registration Information by Feed Type. Regulatory Guidance. Government of Canada. Available online at: https://www.inspection.gc.ca/animal-health/livestock-feeds/ regulatory-guidance/rg-1/chapter-3/eng/1329319549692/1329439126197
DH (Department of health) (2019. Regulation gazette No. 40949. Government Gazette Pretoria, South Africa: Department of health). p. 1–132
EFSA-FEEDAP (2011)Scientific opinion on the safety of hemp (Cannabis genus) for use as animal feed. EFSA J. 9:1–41. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.
FDA. FDA (2020). Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). US Food & Drug Administration. (2020). p. 18. Available online at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-healthfocus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-includingcannabidiol-cbd#dietarysupplements%0A (accessed September 14,
Gakhar, N. ; Goldberg, E. ; Jing, M. ; Gibson, R. ; House, J. D., (2012). Effect of feeding hemp seed and hemp seed oil on laying hen performance and egg yolk fatty acid content: evidence of their safety and efficacy for laying hen diets. Poult. Sci., 91 (3): 701-711
García-Tejero IF, Durán-Zuazo VH, Pérez-Álvarez R, Hernández A, Casano S, Morón M, (2014). Impact of plant density and irrigation on yield of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in a mediterranean semi-arid environment. J Agric Sci Technol. 16:887–95. Głodowska M, Łyszcz M. (2017). Cannabis sativa L. and its antimicrobial properties - a review. Strona77–82.
Halle I, Schöne F(2013). Influence of rapeseed cake, linseed cake and hemp seed cake on laying performance of hens and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. J fur Verbraucherschutz und Leb. 8:185–93. doi: 10.1007/s00003-013-0822-3
Hampson AJ, M Grimaldi, M Lolic, D Wink, R Rosenthal and Axelrod, J (2000) Neuroprotective antioxidants from marijuana. Ann New York Acad Sci, 899: 274-282.
Hartsel JA, Eades J, Hickory B, Alexandros M. (2016) Cannabis sativa and hemp. In: Gupta RC, editor. Nutraceuticals: Efficacy, Safety and toxicity. London, UK: Academic Press p. 735–54.
Hazekamp A, Fischedick JT, Llano MD, Lubbe A, Ruhaak RL(2010).. Chemistry of cannabis. In: Liu HW (Ben), Mander L, editors. Comprehensive Natural Products II: Chemistry and Biology. London: Elsevier p. 1033–84.
Hessle A, Eriksson M, Nadeau E, Turner T, Johansson B. (2008) Cold-pressed hempseed cake as a protein feed for growing cattle. Acta Agric Scand A Anim Sci. 58:136–45. doi: 10.1080/09064700802452192 House JD, Neufeld J, Leson G. . (2010) Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) products through the use of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method. J Agric Food Chem58:11801–7. doi: 10.1021/jf102636b
Izzo L, Castaldo L, Narváez A, Graziani G, Gaspari A, RodríguezCarrasco Y (2020). Analysis of phenolic compounds in commercial cannabis sativa L. inflorescences using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMs. Molecules. 25:631. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030631
Kalmendal, R., (2008). Hemp seed cake fed to broilers. Dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Uppsala, 43 p.
Khan, R. U. ; Fazil-e-Raziq Durrani; Niela Chand; Haseeb Anwar; Shabana Naz; Farooqi, F. A. ; Manzoor, M. N., (2009). Effect of Cannabis sativa fortified feed on muscle growth and visceral organs in broiler chicks. Int. J. Biol. Biotech., 6 (3): 179-186
Koch JE, (2001). Delta 9-THC stimulates food intake in Lewis rats: effects on chow, high-fat and sweet highfat diets. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 68: 539–543
Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. (2020) Hempseed in food industry: nutritional value, health benefits, and industrial applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 19:282–308. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12517
Mahmoudi, M. ; Farhoomand, P. ; Azarfar, A., (2012). Effects of graded levels of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, organ weight and serum cholesterol levels on broilers. J. Medic. Plants, 2 (42): 121-129
Mierlita˘ D. (2019). Fatty acids profile and oxidative stability of eggs from laying hens fed diets containing hemp seed or hempseed cake. S Afr J Anim Sci. 49:311–21. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v4 9i2.11
Mihoc M, Pop G, Alexa E, Radulov I. (2012) Nutritive quality of romanian hemp varieties (Cannabis sativa L.) with special focus on oil and metal contents of seeds. Chem Cent J. 6:122. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-6-122
Mustafa AF, McKinnon JJ, Christensen DA. (1999) The nutritive value of hemp meal for ruminants. Can J Anim Sci. 79:91–5. doi: 10.4141/A98-031
NRC. (2000). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 8th ed. Washington DC, USA: National Academies Press
Salami SA, Luciano G, O’Grady MN, Biondi L, Newbold CJ, Kerry JP, 2019. Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: a review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Anim Feed Sci Technol. (2019) 251:37– 55. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.
Schultz CJ, Lim WL, Khor SF, Neumann KA, Schulz JM, Ansari O, (2020) . Consumer and health-related traits of seed from selected commercial and breeding lines of industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa L. J Agric Food Res. 2:100025. doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100025
Semwogerere, F ,. Katiyatiya C L. F, Chikwanha OTC , Munyaradzi C. M and Mapiye C. (2020). Bioavailability and Bioefficacy of Hemp By-Products in Ruminant Meat Production and Preservation .Vet. Sci. 7:572906. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.572906
Smeds AI, Eklund PC, Willför SM. (2012) Content, composition, and stereochemical characterisation of lignans in berries and seeds. Food Chem. 134:1991–8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.133
Smith, K., (2000). Hempseed Oil: A Smart Start. The Hemp Report, 2 (14): 1488- 3988
Ujváry I, Hanuš L. Human metabolites of cannabidiol: a review on their formation, biological activity, and relevance in therapy. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. (2016) 1:90–101. doi: 10.1089/can.2015.0012
Yan X, Tang J, Dos Santos Passos C, Nurisso A, Simoes-Pires CA, Ji M (2015). Characterization of lignanamides from hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) seed and their antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. J Agric Food Chem. 63:10611–9. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05282
Yan X, Zhou Y, Tang J, Ji M, Lou H, Fan P. (2016). Diketopiperazine indole alkaloids from hemp seed. Phytochem Lett. 18:77–82. doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2016.09.001