TRANSGENİK ÇİFTLİK HAYVANLARINDAN İNSAN DOKU VE ORGAN ÜRETİMİ: XENOTRANSPLANTASYON

Xenotransplantasyon türler arası organ transferi demektir. Transgenik teknoloji yardımı ile yapılan xenotransplantasyon araştırmaları hayvanlara ait bazı organ ve dokuların insanlara transfer edilmesine çalışmaktadır. Günümüzde klinik organ naklindeki en büyük sorun kadavradan elde edilen organ sayısının ihtiyacı karşılamaktan çok uzak olmasıdır. Dahası, yılda binlerce insanın, organ nakli beklerken öldüğü göz önünde bulundurulacak olursa böyle bir alternatifin oldukça avantajlı görülmektedir. Günümüzde xenotransplantasyon çalışmaları ile birlikte transgenik hayvanlardan elde edilen organların transferi sonrasında organ reddini engellemek için sayısız farklı immün-baskılayıcı strateji üzerine de çalışılmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar redde neden olan mekanizmayı aydınlatmak ve olayı durdurmanın bir yolunu bulmak üzerinedir. Bu derlemede transgenik çiftlik hayvanlarından insan doku ve organ üretiminin yolları ve karşılaşılan deneysel ve etik sorunlar üzerine durulmuştur.

Human Tissue and Organ Production from Transgenic Farm Animals: Xenotransplantation

Xenotransplantation refers to organ transfer between species. Xenotransplantation studies with the help of transgenic technology are trying to transfer some organs and tissues to humans. Today, the biggest problem with organ transplantation is that the number of organs obtained from cadaver is very far from the need. Moreover, considering that thousands of people die each year while organ transplantation takes place, such an alternative appears to be highly advantageous. Today, xenotransplantation studies are also being conducted on numerous different immunosuppressive strategies to prevent organ rejection after transplantation of organs from transgenic animals. The studies are on to explain the mechanism that causes the rejection and finding a way to stop the event. In this review focused on the pathways of human tissue and organ production from transgenic farm animals and the experimental and ethical problems.

___

  • Anonim. 2001. Medical-Ethical Principles on xenotransplantation. Statement of Position of the SAAMS. Swiss Med Wkly, 131: 388-394.
  • Bagis H, Papuççuoğlu S. 1997. Studies on the production of Transgenic Mice. Tr J Vet Anim Sci, 21: 287-292.
  • Bağış H. 2009. Transgenik hayvanlarin üretim teknikleri ve kullanim alanları. 20. Ulusal İmmunuloji Kongre Kitabı, 20: 56-59.
  • Bannett AD, McAlack RF, Morris M, Chopek MW, Platt JL. 1989. ABO incompatible renal transplantation: a qualitative analysis of native endothelial tissue ABO antigens after transplantation. Transplant Proc, 21: 783-785.
  • Chesne P, Adenot PG, Viglietta C, Baratte M, Boulanger, L, Renard JP. 2002. Cloned Rabbits Produced by Nuclear Transfer from Adult Somatic Cells. Nature Biotech, 70: 366-369.
  • Cooper DRC, Human PA, Cycols L. 1988. Effects of cyclosporine on pig cardiac xenograft. J. Heart Transplant, 7: 238-246.
  • Cozzi E, Ancona E. 2003. Xenotransplantation, where do we stand? J Nepphrol, 16:16-20.
  • Einsiedel EF. 2005. Public perceptions of transgenic animals. Rev Sci Tech, 24(1), 149-157.
  • Ekinci MS, Akyol I, Karaman M, Özköse E. 2005. Hayvansal Biyoteknoloji Uygulamalarında Güncel Gelişmeler. KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Derg, 8(2): 89-95.
  • George GF. 2006. Xenotransplantation: an ethical dilemma. Curr Opin Cardiol, 21(2):138-141.
  • Heneine W, Tibell A, Switzer WM, Sandstrom P, Rosales GV, Mathews A, Korsgren O, Chapman LE, Folks TM, Groth CG. 1998. No evidence of infection with porcine islet-cell xenografts. Lancet, 352: 695-699.
  • Jonathan H. 1998. Xenografting: Ethical issues. J Med Ethics, 24: 18-24.
  • Karlıkaya E, Hot İ. 2007. Hayvandan İnsana Doku ve Organ Naklinin (Xenotransplantasyon) Etik Boyutu. Türk Nefroloji Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi, 16(4): 169-175.
  • Kuwaki K, Tseng YL, Dor FJ, Shimizu A, Houser SL, Sanderson TM, Lancos CJ, Prabharasuth DD, Cheng J, Moran K, Hisashi Y, Mueller N, Yamada K, Greenstein JL, Hawley RJ, Patience C, Awwad M, Fishman JA, Robson SC, Schuurman HJ, Sachs DH, Cooper DK. 2005. Heart transplantation in baboons using alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs as donors: initial experience. Nat Med, 11(1): 29-31.
  • Lei RP. 2004. Is The Use of Animal Organs for Transplant Morally Acceptable? Türk Klin Tıp Etiği-Hukuku-Tarihi Derg, 12(4): 242-247.
  • Mortensen MJ. 2005. In the Shadow of Doctor Moreau: A Contextual Reading of the Proposed Canadian Standart for Xenotransplantation. University of Ottawa Law Tech J, 2: 37-73.
  • Paradis K, Lanford G, Long Z, Heneine W, Sandstrom P, Switzer WM, Chapman LE, Lockey C, Onions D, Otto E. 1999. Search for cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus in patients treated with living pig tissue. The XEN 111 Study Group. Science, 285: 1236-1241.
  • Patience C, Patton GS, Takeuchi Y, Weiss RA, McClure MO, Rydberg L, et al:No evidence of pig DNA or retroviral infection in patients with short-term extracorporeal connection to pig kidneys. Lancet 1998:352:699-701.
  • Ravelingien A. 2007. Xenotransplantation and the harm principle: Factoring out foreseen risk. J Evol Tech, 16: 127-149.
  • Sun H, Chen G, Liu W, Kubelik D, Yang H, White DJ, Zhong R, Garcia B. 2005. The influence of baseline expression of human decay accelerating factor transgene on graft survival and acute humoral xenograft rejection. Transplantation, 80(9): 1331-1339.
  • Tibell A. Groth CG. 1999. Xenotransplantation: Ethics and Public Health Issues in Xenotransplantation. Cur Opin Organ Trans, 4(1): 101.
  • Welin S. 2000. Starting clinical trials early phase xenotransplantation reflection on ethics of the early phase. J Med Ethics, 26; 231-236.
  • Zanjani ED, Almeida-Porada G, Flake AW. 1996. The human/sheep xenograft model: A large animal model of human hematopoiesis. Int J Hermatol, 63(3): 179-192.