Mustafa Said BAYRAM, Zübeyde Filiz ARSLAN

Sustainable Management of Sucker Problem in Hazelnut Cultivation

Suckers that develop rapidly in hazelnut bottoms compete with the main branches, resulting in yield and quality losses as well as a risk for pest and diseases. Hazelnut suckers are controlled by mechanical, physical and chemical methods. A majority of mechanical methods are impractical in large production areas and physical and chemical methods come to the forefront. Among the physical methods, flaming is an effective method preferred for this purpose. As a result of studies carried out in different countries on the effect of herbicides on suckers, 2.4-D, glufosinate ammonium, paraquat, carfentrazone-ethyl, and saflufenacil have been recommended. For this purpose, 2.4-D, diquat and glyphosate are applied in Türkiye. Aside from herbicides, some nitrogen fertilizers and plant growth regulators were also effective. In Türkiye, hazelnut growers prefer mechanical and chemical applications for controlling suckers, which they consider as a problem. Within the scope of this study, in order to determine effective, economical, and practical methods and to develop control strategies for Türkiye, a literature review was carried out on the methods for controlling hazelnut suckers in Türkiye and in other countries. In the light of compiled information, current methods and their alternatives have been evaluated. As a result, it is concluded that scientific research is needed and region-specific management strategies should be developed by integrating cultural, physical, mechanical and chemical methods which are effective, economical, and practical for the sustainable management of suckers in hazelnut orchards in Türkiye.

Keywords:

Hazelnut, Sucker, Alternative methods Chemical control, Integrated management,

PDF

___

Anıl Ş, Kurt H, Akar A, Bulam Köse Ç. 2018. Hazelnut culture in Turkey. XXX. International Horticultural Congress, August 12-16, İstanbul, Türkiye, pp: 12-16.
Anonymous. 2022. Fındık İhracatı. URL: https://kib.org.tr/files/downloads/Ulke-Ihracat.pdf (accessed date: May 15, 2023).
Anonymous. 2023a. Fındık filiz bıçağı. URL: www.trendyol.com (accessed date: June 11, 2023).
Anonymous. 2023b. Sırta takılan alevleme aleti. URL: www.pirodiserbo.it (accessed date: June 11, 2023).
Anonymous. 2023c. Buhar makinesi. URL: www.pirodiserbo.it (accessed date: June 12, 2023).
Anonymous. 2023d. Traktörle çekilen alevleme makinesi. URL: www.pirodiserbo.it (accessed date: June 10, 2023).
Beyhan MA, Pınar Y. 1996. Fındık dip sürgünü temizliğinde motorlu çalı tırpanının kullanılabilme olanağı üzerine bir araştırma. Fındık ve Diğer Sert Kabuklu Meyveler Sempozyumu, January 5-7, Samsun, Türkiye, pp: 119-133.
Beyhan N, Serdar Ü, Demir T. 1996. 2,4-D ve Paraquat’ın fındık dip sürgünü kontrolünde kullanılabilme olanağı. Fındık ve Diğer Sert Kabuklu Meyveler Sempozyumu, January 5-7, Samsun, Türkiye, pp: 195-204.
Beyhan N, Serdar Ü, Demir T. 1999. Fındıkta gençleştirme budama ugulamasının verim meyve kalitesi ve sürgün gelişimine etkisi üzerine bir araştırma. URL: http://193.140.28.15/xmlui/handle/20.500.12712/7989 (accessed date: June 10, 2023).
Beyhan N. 2007. Effects of planting density on yield and quality characteristics of hazelnut (cv. Palaz) in a hedgerow training system. Canadian J Plant Sci, 87: 595-597.
Bijelić S, Magazin N, Džankić S, Janković D, Bogdanović B, Jaćimović G. 2021. Advances in nursery production of hazelnut plants in serbia− successful grafting of different Corylus avellana L. cultivars and clones onto Corylus colurna L. rootstock. Front Plant Sci, 12: 785015.
Creech CF, Henry RS, Fritz BK, Kruger GR. 2015. Influence of herbicide active ingredient, nozzle type, orifice size, spray pressure, and carrier volume rate on spray droplet size characteristics. Weed Technol, 29(2): 298-310.
De Souza LL, Moretti ML. 2020. Chemical control of suckers in hazelnut orchards of western Oregon. Weed Technol, 34(6): 863-869.
Dolci M, Radicati di Brozolo L, Schellino L. 2004. Further experiments on control of sucker growth in hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) with new esters of 1-naphthylacetic acid. VI International Congress on Hazelnut, July 30, Tarragona-Reus, Spain, pp: 271-276.
Dolci M, Schellino L, Radicati L. 2000. Control of sucker growth in hazelnut with esters of 1-naphthylacetic acid. V International Congress on Hazelnut, July 30, Corvallis, Oregon, US, pp: 431-436.
FAO. 2022. Food and Agriculture Data. Production, Crops and Livestock Products.
Figen F., Serdar Ü, Akyüz B. 2021. Palaz fındık çeşidinde dip sürgünü temizleme sıklığının verim ve kalite üzerine etkisi. Akad Ziraat Derg, 10(2): 219-226.
İlkyaz H. 1986. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde çay ve fındığın üretim girdi ve maliyetleri. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Köy Hizmetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Genel Yayın No: 38, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 215.
İslam A. 2018. Hazelnut culture in Turkey. Akad Ziraat Derg, 7(2): 259-266.
Karadeniz T, Bostan SZ, Tuncer C, Tarakçioğlu C, 2009. Fındık Yetiştiriciliği (1. Basım). Ordu: Ziraat Odaları İl Koordinasyon Kurulu Yayınları No 1, Ordu, Türkiye, pp: 47.
Kaya A. 1986. Üretimin yoğun olduğu Ordu-Giresun-Trabzon-Samsun-Bolu ve Sakarya illerinde fındık üretim tekniğinin analizi ve pazarlama sorunları üzerinde bir araştırma. T.C. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Proje ve Uygulama Genel Müdürlüğü, Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları ve Eğitimi Ülkesel Projesi, Fındık Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi Müdürlüğü, NAkara, Türkiye, pp: 11.
Koç E. 2019. The effect of solar heated hot water on some weeds. MSc Thesis, Iğdır University, Institute of Science, Iğdır, Türkiye, pp: 82.
Kopuzoğlu N, Şen SM. 1991. Ülkemiz fındık yetiştiriciliğinde aşı ile çoğaltmanın yeri ve önemi. T.C Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 26-28.
Kurnaz Ş, Serdar Ü. 1993. Fatsa ilçesi fındık işletmelerinin genel özellikleri, üretim tekniği ve yetiştiricilik sorunları üzerinde bir araştırma. OMÜ Zir Fak Derg, 8: 114-135.
Lagerstedt HB. 1975. Filberts. In Advances in Fruit Breeding; Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN, US, pp: 456-488.
Mehlenbacher SA. 1991. Hazelnuts (Corylus). In Genetic Resources of Temperate Fruit and Nuts Crops; Moore. ISHS: Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp: 791-836.
Mehlenbacher A, Smith C. 1992. Effect of spacing and sucker removal on precocity of hazelnut seedlings. J American Soc Hortic Sci, 117: 523-526.
Okay A, Kaya A, Küçük V, Küçük A. 1986. Fındık tarımı. T.C. Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı (1. Baskı). Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 43.
Pacchiarelli A, Silvestri C, Cristofori V. 2022. Advances in sucker control for sustainable European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivation. Plants, 11(24): 3416.
Peterson MA, McMaster SA, Riechers DE, Skelton J, Stahlman PW. 2016. 2,4-D past, present, and future: A review. Weed Technol, 30: 303-345.
Reich JE, Lagerstedt HB. 1971. The effect of Paraquat, Dinoseb and 2, 4-D on Filbert (Corylus avellana L.) Suckers1, 2. J American Soc Hortic Sci, 96(5): 554-556.
Rovira M. 2021. Advances in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) rootstocks worldwide. Horticulturae, 7(9): 267.
Serdar U, Akyuz B. 2017. Sucker management methods in hazelnut cultivation. In IX International Congress on Hazelnut, 15-19 August, Samsun, Türkiye, pp: 309-314.
Serdar Ü, Gülser C, Akyüz B, Balta A, Çil Y, Figen FY. 2017. Azotlu çözelti ile dip sürgünü temizliğinin fındıkta verim ve meyve kalitesi üzerine etkileri. Anadolu Tarım Bil Derg, 32(3): 279-283.
Serdar Ü, Gülser,C, Akyüz B, Balta A, Çil Y, Yilmaz Figen F. 2022. An alternative sucker management method in hazelnut: Application of nitrogen fertilizer solution. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 64(2): 237-244.
Tekgüler A. 2021. Association between flaming efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas pressure and flaming time in hazelnut sucker control done using a flame torch. Turkish J Agri Food Sci Technol, 9(12): 2328-2332.
Tomasone R, Colorio G, Cedrola C, Pagano M. 2008. Mechanical and physical control of hazelnut suckers. VII International Congress on Hazelnut, June 23-27, Viterbo, Italy, pp: 407-412.
Tomasone R, Colorio G, Cedrola C, Pagano M. 2010. Thermal control of hazelnut suckers. XVIIth World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR), June 13-17, Québec City, Canada, pp: 13-17.
Tous J, Girona J, Tasias J. 1994. Cultural practicesand costs in hazelnut production. Acta Hortic, 351: 395-418.
WSSA. 2023. WSSA (Weed Science Society of America) -Herbicide site of action (SOA) Classification list (last modified: May 05, 2021). URL: https://wssa.net/wssa/weed/herbicides (accessed date: June 21, 2023).