Tilia rubra DC. ekstraktı kullanılarak gümüş nanopartikülün hücre dışı biyosentezi ve antifungal aktivitesi

Kimyasal reaksiyonlarla sentezlenen nanopartiküllerin çeşitli omurgalılarda ve omurgasızlarda geniş bir toksisite yelpazesi sergilese de antifungal aktivitelerinden yararlanmak üzere büyük miktarlarda üretilmektedir. Klasik kimyasal yöntemlerin dikkat çekici dezavantajları nedeniyle, metalik nanopartiküllerin yeşil sentezi son yıllarda büyük ilgi görmeye başlamıştır. Bu yöntem düşük maliyetli, çevre dostu ve basit yaklaşımları ile klasik kimyasal yöntemlere bir alternatif olarak önerilmektedir. Bu çalışmada amacımız, gümüş nanopartiküllerin hücre dışı sentezinde Tilia rubra DC. ekstraktının uygunluğunu belirlemek ve elde edilen materyali karakterize etmektir. Bunun yanısıra biyosentezlenmiş gümüş nanopartiküllerinin antifungal etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. T. rubra ekstraktı, gümüş nanopartiküllerin biyosentezi için ilk kez çalışılmış olup UV-Vis spektrofotometresinde 427 nm'de yüzey plazmon rezonansı oluşturdu. Ayrıca geçirimli elektron mikroskop (TEM) görüntüleri nanopartiküllerin küresel morfolojiye sahip olduğunu gösterdi. TEM görüntülerine göre nanopartiküllerin boyutlarının 5-15 nm arasında olduğu bulundu. X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) analizi ise partiküllerin yüz merkezli kübik geometriye sahip kristal yapıda olduğunu belirledi. Gümüş iyonlarının biyo-indirgenmesinden sorumlu olası biyomolekülleri tanımlamak için Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FTIR) analizi yapıldı. Biyosentezlenmiş gümüş nanopartiküllerin patojen bir maya olan Candida albicans üzerindeki antifungal etkisi agar difüzyon metodu ile incelendi ve sonuç olarak sentezlenen gümüş nanopartiküllerinin, Candida albicans üzerinde önemli inhibe edici etki gösterdi. Biyosentezlenmiş gümüş nanopartiküllerin çevre dostu sentez prosedürü gelecekte endüstriyel ve biyomedikal uygulamalar için kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu desteklemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yeşil sentez, Tilia rubra, gümüş nanopartikül, karakterizasyon, antifungal aktivite

PDF

___

Thakkar, K. N., Mhatre, S. S., & Parikh, R. Y. (2010). Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: nanotechnology, biology and medicine, 6(2), 257-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.002
Shedbalkar, U., Singh, R., Wadhwani, S., Gaidhani, S., & Chopade, B. A. (2014). Microbial synthesis of gold nanoparticles: current status and future prospects. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 209, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.12.011
Subramaniyam, V., Subashchandrabose, S. R., Thavamani, P., Megharaj, M., Chen, Z., & Naidu, R. (2015). Chlorococcum sp. MM11—a novel phyco-nanofactory for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles. Journal of applied phycology, 27(5), 1861-1869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0492-2,
Dağlıoğlu, Y., & Öztürk, B. Y. (2016). The assessment of biological accumulation on exposure in boron particles of Desmodesmus multivariabilis. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 9(3), 204-209.
Dağlıoğlu, Y., & Yılmaz Öztürk, B. (2018). Effect of concentration and exposure time of ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposite on photosynthetic pigment contents, ROS production ability, and bioaccumulation of freshwater algae (Desmodesmus multivariabilis). Caryologia, 71(1), 13-23.
Yilmaz-Ozturk, B., & Daglioglu, Y. (2018). The Ecotoxicological Effects Of ZnO-TiO2 Nanocomposite in Chodatodesmus mucranulatus. Feb-Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2951-2962.
Fatima, F., Bajpai, P., Pathak, N., Singh, S., Priya, S., & Verma, S. R. (2015). Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory efficacy of extracellularly synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles by a novel phosphate solubilizing fungus Bipolaris tetramera. BMC microbiology, 15(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-015-0391-y
Dağlıoğlu, Y., & Öztürk, B. Y. (2019). A novel intracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Desmodesmus sp.(Scenedesmaceae): different methods of pigment change. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 30(3), 611-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-019-00822-8
Tippayawat, P., Phromviyo, N., Boueroy, P., & Chompoosor, A. (2016). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in aloe vera plant extract prepared by a hydrothermal method and their synergistic antibacterial activity. PeerJ, 4, e2589. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2589
Swaminathanályer, K. (2013). Biogenic production of palladium nanocrystals using microalgae and their immobilization on chitosan nanofibers for catalytic applications. RSC advances, 3(4), 1009-1012. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RA22402J
Govindarajan, M., Rajeswary, M., Muthukumaran, U., Hoti, S. L., Khater, H. F., & Benelli, G. (2016). Single-step biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Zornia diphylla leaves: a potent eco-friendly tool against malaria and arbovirus vectors. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 161, 482-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.016
Demiray, S., Pintado, M. E., & Castro, P. M. L. (2009). Evaluation of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of Turkish medicinal plants: Tilia argentea, Crataegi folium leaves and Polygonum bistorta roots. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 54, 312-317.
Akyuz, E., Şahin, H., Islamoglu, F., Kolayli, S., & Sandra, P. (2014). Evaluation of phenolic compounds in Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica by HPLC-UV and HPLC-UV-MS/MS. International journal of food properties, 17(2), 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.631252
Frezza, C., De Vita, D., Spinaci, G., Sarandrea, M., Venditti, A., & Bianco, A. (2020). Secondary metabolites of Tilia tomentosa Moench inflorescences collected in Central Italy: chemotaxonomy relevance and phytochemical rationale of traditional use. Natural product research, 34(8), 1167-1174. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1550487
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute/National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2004. Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts: approved guideline. Document M44-A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01900-06
Jorgensen, J. H., Turnidge, J. D. 2015, Susceptibility test methods: dilution and disk diffusion methods. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology, American Society of Microbiology, Eleventh Edition, 1253-1273. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817381.ch71
Wayne, P. A. (2004). Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts. CLSI m44-a.
Khatami, M., & Pourseyedi, S. (2015). Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) pit aqueous extract mediated novel route for synthesis high stable silver nanoparticles with high antifungal and antibacterial activity. IET nanobiotechnology, 9(4), 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0052
Krishnaraj, C., Jagan, E. G., Rajasekar, S., Selvakumar, P., Kalaichelvan, P. T., & Mohan, N. J. C. S. B. B. (2010). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 76(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.10.008
Prasad, T. N., Kambala, V. S. R., & Naidu, R. (2013). Phyconanotechnology: synthesis of silver nanoparticles using brown marine algae Cystophora moniliformis and their characterisation. Journal of applied phycology, 25(1), 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9851-z
Khatami, M., Mortazavi, S. M., Kishani-Farahani, Z., Amini, A., Amini, E., & Heli, H. (2017). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using pine pollen and evaluation of the antifungal efficiency. Iranian journal of biotechnology, 15(2), 95 https://doi.org/10.15171/ijb.1436
Vanaja, M., Gnanajobitha, G., Paulkumar, K., Rajeshkumar, S., Malarkodi, C., & Annadurai, G. (2013). Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Cissus quadrangularis: influence of physicochemical factors. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-8865-3-17
Raghunandan, D., Bedre, M. D., Basavaraja, S., Sawle, B., Manjunath, S. Y., & Venkataraman, A. (2010). Rapid biosynthesis of irregular shaped gold nanoparticles from macerated aqueous extracellular dried clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) solution. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 79(1), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.04.003
Giordano, M., Kansiz, M., Heraud, P., Beardall, J., Wood, B., & McNaughton, D. (2001). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a novel tool to investigate changes in intracellular macromolecular pools in the marine microalga Chaetoceros muellerii (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 37(2), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037002271.x
Ajitha, B., Reddy, Y. A. K., & Reddy, P. S. (2014). Biogenic nano-scale silver particles by Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract and their inborn antimicrobial activity. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 121, 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.077
Öztürk, B. Y. (2019). Intracellular and extracellular green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Desmodesmus sp.: their Antibacterial and antifungal effects. Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics, 72(1), 29-43.
Uddin, A. R., Siddique, M. A. B., Rahman, F., Ullah, A. A., & Khan, R. (2020). Cocos nucifera Leaf Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 1-12.
Hsueh, Y. H., Lin, K. S., Ke, W. J., Hsieh, C. T., Chiang, C. L., Tzou, D. Y., & Liu, S. T. (2015). The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles in Bacillus subtilis are mediated by released Ag+ ions. PloS one, 10(12), e0144306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144306
Öztürk, B. Y., Gürsu, B. Y., & Dağ, İ. (2020). Antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using marine red algae Gelidium corneum. Process Biochemistry, 89, 208-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.027
Gole, A., Dash, C., Ramakrishnan, V., Sainkar, S. R., Mandale, A. B., Rao, M., & Sastry, M. (2001). Pepsin− gold colloid conjugates: preparation, characterization, and enzymatic activity. Langmuir, 17(5), 1674-1679. https://doi.org/10.1021/la001164w
Jaidev, L. R., & Narasimha, G. (2010). Fungal mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, characterization and antimicrobial activity. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 81(2), 430-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.07.033
Ghojavand, S., Madani, M., & Karimi, J. (2020). Green synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles using stems and flowers of felty germander. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01449-1